Artificial Intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence
By Ian, Chelsea, Doug, Grace
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Artificial intelligence (AI) - is a branch of
computer science and engineering that deals with
intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in
machines
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History Of Artificial Intelligence
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1950s

• The 1950s were a period of active efforts in AI
• Alan Turing introduced the "Turing test
• The first working AI programs were written in
  1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I

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1960s-1970s

• Joel Moses demonstrated the power of symbolic
  reasoning for integration problems
• Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler published "A
  Pattern Recognition Program That Generates,
  Evaluates, and Adjusts Its Own Operators" in 1963

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1980s

• Neutral networks became widely used due to the
  backpropagation algorithm
• The team of Ernst Dickmanns built the first robot
  cars, driving up to 55 mph on empty streets
• Marked major achievements in many areas of AI and
  demonstrations of various applications

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1990s Turn of the Century

• During the 1990s and 2000s AI has become very
  influenced by probability theory and statistics
• After the September 11, 2001 attacks there has
  been much renewed interest and funding for
  threat-detection AI systems, including machine
  vision research and data-mining

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DARPA Grand Challenge

• DARPA is a challenge for driverless cars
• The cars have no communication with humans
• In 2005 the winning vehicles completed all 132
  miles of the course in just under 7 hours

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A Few Basic Rules

• Must follow California driving laws
• Vehicles must follow a specific rout following
  specific check points
• Vehicles must drive though fog and rain even if
  GPS is blocked

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Schools Of Thought

• 1. Conventional A.I.
• 2. Computational Intelligence

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Conventional A.I. - a.k.a. symbolic A.I.,
logical A.I., neat A.I., and Good Old Fashioned
A.I.(GOFAI)
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Machine Learning Methods

• Expert systems
• a computer program that contains some
  subject-specific knowledge of one or more human
  experts.
• helps users solve problems and draw conclusions
  reasonably.

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Machine learning methods

• Nuetral Networks
• systems with very strong pattern recognition
  capabilities
• a.k.a. ANN (artificial neural network)
• an adaptive system that changes its structure
  based on external or internal info that flows
  through the network.

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Fuzzy Control System

• based on fuzzy logic (concepts that cannot be
  expressed as true or false but as partially true

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A.I. In Fiction

• Strong A.I. is used most often for entertainment
  purposes
• Usually portrayed as an upcoming power trying to
  overthrow human authority
• Trying to cause abrupt and dramatic changes
• A few A.I. writers are Vernor Vinge, Ray
  Kurzweil, and Frank Herbert
• Author Vernor Vinge states, technology will
  reach a point beyond which we cannot even
  speculate about the consequences.

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Case-based Reasoning

• the process of solving new problems based on the
  solutions of similar past problems

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Bayesian Network

• a.k.a. Bayesian belief network or belief network

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Behavior Based A.I.

• Made famous by Rodney Brooks
• A procedure for developing A.I. off of another
  module of intelligence

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Computational Intelligence - repetitive
development/learning that relays on evidence
/consequences observable by the senses
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Schools of Thought

• Conventional Artifical Intelligence
• Machine Learning
• Formalism
• Statistical Analysis
• Expert Systems
• Case Based Reasoning
• Bayesian Networks
• Behavior

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Schools of Thought cont.

• Computational Intelligence
• Neural Networkes
• Fuzzy Systems
• Evolutionary Computation

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Artifical Intelligence In Fiction

• Books
• A Space Odyssey
• The Moon is a Harsh Mistress
• Movies
• The Matrix
• Bicentennial Man
• I, Robot
• Video Games
• Halo