Section 41 The History of Classification

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Section 4-1 The History of Classification
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Classification

• Classification is the grouping of things
  according to similar characteristics
• Biologic Classification systems name and organize
  living things in a logical (it makes sense) and
  meaningful way.
• Taxonomy-the name for the branch of biology (life
  science) that classifies life

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The first classification system

• by Aristotle if 4th century BC. Used for over
  2000 yrs
• First level- Divided life into two groups plants
  and animals
• Second level- Divided animals in three groups
  based on how they moved
  
  fly, swim, or walk

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Problems?

• Not all organisms fit into Aristotles 2
  groups (plants or animals)
• Ex Bacteria Fungi

Images from http//www.leighday.co.uk/upload/pu
blic/docImages/6/Listeria20bacteria.jpg
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Problem with his system

• Ignores the way that animals are similar and
  different in form
• A bird (has feathers and lays eggs) and a bat
  (has hair and live birth) would be in the same
  group
• A seal and a sun fish would be in the same group.

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Aristotle System of Classification

• Life
• Animal Plant
• Fly Swim Walk

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Carolus Linnaeus

• Classification used today- Based on Carolus
  Linnaeus
• A many leveled system of organization of life
• First level plant and animal
• Many more levels of organization based on the
  form of life 7 levels
• Developed a system for naming organisms that is
  still used today
• Binomial Nomenclature

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Bi two nomial naming
• nomenclature system of naming
• Every living thing gets two names like you have
  two names your first and last names
• Genus (is like your last name) and Species (
  like your first name)

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Naming organisms today- Binomial Nomenclature
• Used world wide
• Genus is capitalized species begins with a lower
  case letter
• Both name are written in italics
• Both names are underlined
• Most names come from the Latin language, some
  are in Greek

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For Example
Vampire batDesmodus rotundus
Image from http//212.84.179.117/i/Vampire20Bat
.jpg
Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus
Image from http//www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/
chipmunk_pictures.htm
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Binomial NomenclaturePractice

• Canis lupis the wolf
• What is the genus name?
• What is the species name?
• Apis mellifera a bee
• What is the genus name?
• What is the species name?

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Why do we need this?

• Common names are not consistent.
• With in one country an organism can have several
  names AND
• every language has at least one different name
  for the same organism.
• Felis concolor- mountain lion, cougar, puma

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Problem?

• Common names can be misleading A jelly fish
  isnt a fish,
• but a seahorse is!
• Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but its an
  animal!

Image from http//www.alaska.net/scubaguy/ima
ges/seacucumber.jpg
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Problem?

• Common names vary from place to place
• Ex puma, catamount, mountain lion,
  cougar are all names for same animal

Image from http//www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images
/Cougar.jpg
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Problem?

• Same organisms have different names in different
  countries.
• Chipmunk
• Streifenhornchen (German)
• Tamia (Italian)
• Ardilla listada (Spanish)

Image from http//www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/
chipmunk_pictures.htm