Arts

1
Arts Humanities

• Composers in
• History

2
BAROQUE

• Monteverdi
• Vivaldi
• Johann Pachelbel
• J.S. Bach
• Handel

3
Claudio Monteverdi

• He wrote one of the earliest operas, L'Orfeo,
  which is still regularly performed.

4
Antonio Vivaldi

• Nicknamed "The Red Priest", was a Baroque music
  composer and Venetian priest, as well as a famous
  virtuoso violinist he was born and raised in the
  Republic of Venice. The Four Seasons, a series of
  four violin concerti, is his best-known work and
  a highly popular Baroque piece.

5
Johann Pachelbel

• German Baroque composer, organist and teacher,
  who brought the south German organ tradition to
  its peak. He composed a large body of sacred and
  secular music, and his contributions to the
  development of the chorale prelude and fugue have
  earned him a place among the most important
  composers of the middle Baroque era. Today,
  Pachelbel is best known for the Canon in D, the
  only canon he wrote.

6
J.S. Bach

• Bach was a German composer and organist whose
  sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra,
  and solo instruments. While Bach's fame as an
  organist was great during his lifetime, he was
  not particularly well-known as a composer. A
  revival of interest and performances of his music
  began early in the 19th century, and he is now
  widely considered to be one of the greatest
  composers in the Western tradition, being
  included with Ludwig van Beethoven and Johannes
  Brahms as one of the "three Bs". Bach's works
  include the Brandenburg concertos, the Goldberg
  Variations, the English Suites, the French
  Suites, the Partitas, the Well-Tempered Clavier,
  the Mass in B Minor, the St. Matthew Passion, the
  St. John Passion, the Magnificat, The Musical
  Offering, The Art of Fugue, the Sonatas and
  Partitas for violin solo, the Cello Suites, more
  than 200 surviving cantatas, and a similar number
  of organ works, including the celebrated Toccata
  and Fugue in D Minor.

7
G.F. Handel

• German-born Baroque composer who is famous for
  his operas, oratorios, and concerti grossi. Born
  as Georg Friederich Händel in Halle, he spent
  most of his adult life in England, becoming a
  subject of the British crown. His works include
  Messiah, Water Music, and Music for the Royal
  Fireworks. Strongly influenced by the techniques
  of the great composers of the Italian Baroque
  era, as well as the English composer Henry
  Purcell, Handel's music became well-known to many
  composers, including Haydn, Mozart, and
  Beethoven.

8
CLASSICAL

• Haydn
• Mozart
• Beethoven

9
Haydn

• Haydn was an Austrian composer. He was one of the
  most prominent composers of the classical period,
  and is called by some the "Father of the
  Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet". A
  life-long citizen of Austria, Haydn spent much of
  his career as a court musician for the wealthy
  Hungarian Esterházy family on their remote
  estate.

10
W.A. Mozart

• Mozart was a prolific and influential composer of
  the Classical era. He composed over 600 works,
  many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of
  symphonic, concertante, chamber, piano, operatic,
  and choral music and he is among the most
  enduringly popular of classical composers. Born
  in Salzburg into a musical family, Mozart showed
  prodigious ability from earliest childhood. He
  could compose when only five years old, and was
  already competent on keyboard and violin. He
  toured for much of his childhood and adolescence,
  performing before the royal courts of Europe.

11
Ludwig van Beethoven

• Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. He
  was a crucial figure in the transitional period
  between the Classical and Romantic eras in
  Western classical music, and remains one of the
  most acclaimed and influential composers of all
  time. Born in Bonn, then in the Electorate of
  Cologne in western Germany, he moved to Vienna in
  his early twenties and settled there, studying
  with Joseph Haydn and quickly gaining a
  reputation as a virtuoso pianist. Beethoven's
  hearing gradually deteriorated beginning in his
  twenties, yet he continued to compose, and to
  conduct and perform, even after he was completely
  deaf.
•  

12
ROMANTIC

• Beethoven
• Wagner
• R. Strauss
• Brahms
• Verdi
• Schubert
• Chopin
• Tchaikovsky

13
Richard Wagner

• German composer, conductor, theatre director and
  essayist, primarily known for his operas (or
  "music dramas", as they were later called).
  Unlike most other great opera composers, Wagner
  wrote both the scenario and libretto for his
  works.
• Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his
  later period, are notable for contrapuntal
  texture, rich chromaticism, harmonies and
  orchestration, and elaborate use of leitmotifs
  musical themes associated with particular
  characters, locales or plot elements.

14
Richard Strauss

• German composer of the late Romantic and early
  modern eras, particularly of operas, Lieder and
  tone poems. Strauss was also a prominent
  conductor.

15
Verdi

• Italian Romantic composer, mainly of opera. He
  was one of the most influential composers of
  Italian opera in the 19th century. His works are
  frequently performed in opera houses throughout
  the world and, transcending the boundaries of the
  genre, some of his themes have long since taken
  root in popular culture.

16
Brahms

• Composer and pianist, was one of the leading
  musicians of the Romantic period. Born in
  Hamburg, Brahms spent much of his professional
  life in Vienna, Austria, where he was a leader of
  the musical scene. In his lifetime, Brahms's
  popularity and influence were considerable. He
  is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach
  and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the Three Bs.
  Brahms composed for piano, for chamber ensembles,
  for symphony orchestra, and for voice and chorus.

17
Schubert

• Was an Austrian composer. He wrote some 600
  lieder, nine symphonies (including the famous
  "Unfinished Symphony"), liturgical music, operas,
  and a large body of chamber and solo piano music.
  He is particularly noted for his original melodic
  and harmonic writing.

18
Chopin

• Was a composer and virtuoso pianist of the
  Romantic period. He is widely regarded as the
  greatest Polish composer, and ranks as one of
  music's greatest tone poets. Chopin's extant
  compositions were written primarily for the piano
  as a solo instrument. Though they are technically
  demanding his style emphasizes nuance and
  expressive depth. Chopin invented musical forms
  such as the ballade and was responsible for major
  innovations in forms such as the piano sonata,
  waltz, nocturne, étude, impromptu and prelude.
  His works are mainstays and masterpieces of
  Romanticism in 19th-century classical music.
•  

19
Tchaikovsky

• Russian composer of the Romantic era. While not
  part of the nationalistic music group known as
  "The Five", Tchaikovsky wrote music which was
  distinctly Russian. Tchaikovsky's essential
  outlook musically remained Russian, both in his
  use of native folk song and his deep absorption
  in Russian life and ways of thought. Tchaikovsky
  wrote several works well known among the general
  classical publicRomeo and Juliet, the 1812
  Overture, his three ballets The Nutcracker, Swan
  Lake, and The Sleeping Beauty and Marche Slave.
  These, along with two of his four concertos,
  three of his six symphonies and two of his 10
  operas, are probably among his most familiar
  works.

20
20TH CENTURY

• Copland
• Gershwin
• John Phillip Sousa
• Stravinsky
• Bernstein
• Armstrong
• Ellington
• Cage
• Schoenberg

21
Copland

• American composer of concert and film music, as
  well as an accomplished pianist. Instrumental in
  forging a distinctly American style of
  composition, he was widely known as "the dean of
  American composers." Copland's music achieved a
  balance between modern music and American folk
  styles. Aside from composing, Copland was a
  teacher, lecturer, critic, writer, and conductor
  of his own works. Copland was awarded the New
  York Music Critics Circle Award and the Pulitzer
  Prize in composition for Appalachian Spring.162
  His scores for "Of Mice and Men" (1939), "Our
  Town" (1940), and "The North Star" (1943) all
  received Academy Award nominations, while "The
  Heiress" won Best Music in 1950.146
•  

22
Gershwin

• American composer and pianist. He wrote most of
  his vocal and theatrical works in collaboration
  with his elder brother, lyricist Ira Gershwin.
  George Gershwin composed songs for both Broadway
  and the classical concert hall. Many of his
  compositions have been used on television and in
  numerous films, and many became jazz standards.
  Countless singers and musicians have recorded
  Gershwin songs, including Fred Astaire, Louis
  Armstrong, Al Jolson, Bobby Darin, Art Tatum,
  Bing Crosby, Janis Joplin, John Coltrane, Frank
  Sinatra, Billie Holiday, Sam Cooke, Diana Ross,
  Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Hiromi Uehara,
  Madonna, Judy Garland, Julie Andrews, Barbra
  Streisand, Marni Nixon, Natalie Cole, Patti
  Austin, Nina Simone, Maureen McGovern, John
  Fahey, The Residents, Kate Bush, Sublime, and
  Sting.
• Popular Orchestral Works
• Rhapsody in Blue (for piano and orchestra,
  1924)
• An American in Paris (for orchestra, 1928)
• Broadway Musicals
• Strike up the Band (1927)
•  
• Opera
• Porgy and Bess (1935 this was, however, first
  presented on Broadway, rather than in an opera
  house)

23
John Phillip Sousa

• American composer and conductor of the late
  Romantic era known particularly for American
  military and patriotic marches. Because of his
  mastery of march composition and resultant
  prominence, he is known as "The March King". In
  public he was typically referenced by his full
  name.

24
Igor Stravinsky

• Russian-born composer, considered by many to be
  the most influential composer of 20th century
  music. In addition to the recognition he
  received for his compositions, he also achieved
  fame as a pianist and a conductor, often at the
  premieres of his works. He first achieved
  international fame with three ballets
  commissioned by the impresario Sergei Diaghilev
  and performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes
  (Russian Ballets) L'Oiseau de feu ("The
  Firebird") (1910), Petrushka (1911/1947), and Le
  Sacre du printemps ("The Rite of Spring") (1913).
  The Rite, whose premiere provoked a riot,
  transformed the way in which subsequent composers
  thought about rhythmic structure, and was largely
  responsible for Stravinky's enduring reputation
  as a musical revolutionary, pushing the
  boundaries of musical design.

25
Leonard Bernstein

• Multi-Emmy-winning and Academy Award nominated
  American conductor, composer, author, music
  lecturer and pianist. He was the first conductor
  born and educated in the United States of America
  to receive worldwide acclaim. He is perhaps best
  known for his long conducting relationship with
  the New York Philharmonic, which included the
  acclaimed Young People's Concerts series, and
  also for his compositions, which include the
  musical theater works West Side Story, Candide,
  and On the Town. Bernstein was the first
  classical music conductor to make numerous
  television appearances, all between 1954 and
  1989. Additionally he had a formidable piano
  technique, and was a highly respected composer.
  He is one of the most influential figures in the
  history of American classical music, championing
  the works of American composers and inspiring the
  careers of a generation of American musicians.

26
Duke Ellington

• American composer, pianist, and bandleader. Duke
  Ellington was recognized during his life as one
  of the most influential figures in jazz, if not
  in all American music. His reputation has
  increased since his death, including a special
  award citation from the Pulitzer Prize Board. He
  often composed specifically for the style and
  skills of individuals, such as "Jeep's Blues" for
  Johnny Hodges, "Concerto for Cootie" ("Do Nothing
  Till You Hear from Me") for Cootie Williams and
  "The Mooche" for Tricky Sam Nanton. He also
  recorded songs written by his bandsmen, such as
  Juan Tizol's "Caravan" and "Perdido" which
  brought the "Spanish Tinge" to big-band jazz.
  After 1941, he frequently collaborated with
  composer-arranger Billy Strayhorn, whom he called
  his alter-ego.

27
John Cage

• American composer. A pioneer of chance music,
  electronic music and non-standard use of musical
  instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures
  of the post-war avant-garde and, in the opinion
  of many, the most influential American composer
  of the 20th century. Cage is perhaps best known
  for his 1952 composition 4'33?, the three
  movements of which are performed without a single
  note being played. A performance of 4'33? can be
  perceived as including the sounds of the
  environment that the listeners hear while it is
  performed, rather than merely as four minutes and
  thirty three seconds of silence and became one of
  the most controversial compositions of the
  twentieth century. Another famous creation of
  Cage's is the prepared piano (a piano with its
  sound altered by placing various objects in the
  strings), for which he wrote numerous
  dance-related works and a few concert pieces, the
  most well-known of which is Sonatas and
  Interludes (194648).

28
Schoenberg

• Austrian and later American composer, associated
  with the expressionist movement in German poetry
  and art, and leader of the Second Viennese
  School. He famously developed twelve-tone
  technique, a widely influential compositional
  method of manipulating an ordered series of all
  twelve notes in the chromatic scale.
• Schoenberg was also a painter, an important music
  theorist, and an influential teacher of
  composition his students included Alban Berg,
  Anton Webern, and later John Cage, Lou Harrison,
  and David Van Vactor.