Unit II 6001450

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Unit II600-1450
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600-1450 C.E.
1368
Founding of Tenochtitlan (Aztecs)
618
Marco Polo visits China
1325
960
1096
Swahili Trade Cities
622
Song Dynasty
Mali Empire
Ming Dynasty
Crusades
The hijra
Tang Dynasty
Rise of Islam
Axum Kingdom
Rise of Ottoman Empire
Ghana Kingdom
Kongo Kingdom
Abbasid Dynasty
Delhi Sultanate
The Great Schism
Hundred Years War
622
1000
1000
750
1054
1337
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A New World of Islam

• The Islamic religion was formed in the Arabian
  Peninsula during the 7th century.
• The Bedouins, a nomadic people that populated
  the Arabian Peninsula, virtually controlled trade
  in the desert and founded Islam in Mecca.
• Mecca was both a trade and a religious center for
  both Judaism and Islam.

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Muhammad

• Muhammad was a tradesman who founded the Islamic
  religion in Mecca.
• Muhammad was very religious and often found time
  to meditate. According to legend, the angel
  Gabriel told him that he was a messenger of God.
• Muhammad believed he was the last prophet of
  Allah and began to speak of Islam.

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• Muhammads flee from Mecca to Yathrib in 622 CE
  became known as Hijrah, the official founding
  date of Islam.
• He renamed Yathrib Medina or city of the
  Prophet and named the community of Muslims umma.
• The Black Stone in Mecca became known as the
  belief in one god.
• Muhammad died in 632 CE known as the seal of the
  prophets since he was the last one.

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The Five Pillars

• Faith - Declaration of Faith is repeated every
  day
• Prayer - Face Mecca and pray five times a day
• Alms - Give money to the poor through alms tax
• Fasting - During Ramadan they must fast from
  sunrise to sundown
• Pilgrimage Make pilgrimage to Mecca at least
  once in a lifetime. Hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca,
  takes place once a year at Kaaba.

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Islamic Structure

• The government set up was the caliphate that was
  ruled by a caliph selected by umma.
• The Quran was the guide of the caliphs.
• Muslim armies, weak Byzantine and Persian
  empires, and the good treatment of those
  conquered all were factors to the spread of Islam
  during the 7th and 8th centuries.

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Sunni-Shia Split

• Sunni Umayyad rule the caliph should still be
  selected by the Muslim community. Sunni means
  the followers of Muhammads example.
• Shia caliph should be a relative of the
  Prophet and rejected Umayyad rule. They seek the
  revenge for Alis death. Shia means the party
  of Ali.

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Society and Womens Status

• Women had right to property, divorce, and
  business. The Quran emphasizes equality but
  there are reinforced male dominance beliefs in
  Islam. Men follow Muhammads example of 4 wives
  while women may only have one husband. Women have
  been wearing veils since the 13th century B.C.E.
  in Mesopotamia these practices were adopted by
  Islam.

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Arts, Sciences, and Technology

• Educational institutions were built to help
  spread the culture and beliefs of the Islamic
  religion. They also promoted the increase of
  science and technology.
• When Persia became part of the caliphate, Muslims
  adopted their culture, language, and arts. They
  also adopted mathematics and Arabic numerals in
  India.

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Mamluks

• A mamluk was a captured man that became a soldier
  who served the Muslim caliphs and Abbasid sultans
  in the Middle Ages. They were the lowest class
  and were kept under strict control by their
  caliph. They often tried to become powerful
  military castes to seize power for themselves but
  were punished cruelly. They were very beneficial
  to the armies because they knew they must honor
  their caliph.

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Silk Road Trade

• Best known trading route for the ancient Chinese
  civilization.
• Trade in silk grew under the Han Dynasty.
• Chan Ch'ien was the first known Chinese traveler
  who made contact with Central Asian tribes.
• Chan Chien expanded the silk trade to include
  less tribes, therefore creating alliances with
  Central Asian nomads. With his brilliant idea,
  the Silk Road was created.

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Indian Ocean Trade

• City-states traded with inland kingdoms to obtain
  gold, ivory, and iron which were scarce and
  valuable items in Asian countries. These items
  were used for jewelry, coins, works of art, and
  ornamentation on buildings
• Africa played a vital role in world economy even
  before European nations.
• City-states were willing to pay high prices for
  cotton, silk, and porcelain objects. These items
  were expensive because they weren't available in
  Africa at the time. These items were a majority
  of Africa's imports during the Indian Ocean Trade.

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Trans-Sahara

• Trade was associated with Mediterranean economies
  that demanded gold in exchange for salt.
• Trans-Saharan routes went around Audaghost,
  expanding and going toward the Bure goldfield.

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• Hindu
• Begins in India with the migration of Aryans.
• Development of Buddhism and Jainism as alternates
  to Hinduism causes some changes in Hinduisms
  teachings.

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• Judaism
• Moved from Mesopotamia into Eastern
  Mediterranean.
• Exiled by Romans.
• Exiled by Assyrians
• Christianity develops to Judaism as an
  alternative in the Roman Empire.

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• Confucianism
• Practiced in China
• Philosophy spreads to Korea
• Legalism looks down on Confucianism.
• Daoism Coexists with Confucianism.

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• Buddhism
• Starts in South Asia and is spread by
  missionaries and merchants.
• Hinduism changes to make Buddhism less appealing.

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• Christianity
• Spread by apostles and disciples.
• First just converts the spreading of news.
• More formal spread by Romans.
• Adoption of many pagan customs.
• Judaism influenced with their laws, rules, and
  beliefs.
• Zoroastrianism influenced with their belief of
  good and evil.

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• Islam
• Starts in Arabia (Mecca and Medina).
• Islam spreads to Europe and West Africa in the
  900s and Swahili states in 1100s.
• Muhammad was greatly influenced by Christianity
  and Judaism.

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Importance of the Mongols

• This group swept through the south and east of
  Asia
• They conquered China, India, the Middle East, and
  Russia.
• They ruled the largest land-based empire of the
  world
• Their attacks often destroyed cities and towns,
  but they maintained trade routes.
• Their authority eventually brought peace. (Pax
  Mongolica)

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Importance cont.

• It spread other cultures throughout the land
• Improved trade throughout Asia and eastern Europe
• Paper money, banking, and letters of credit
• Peace spread throughout the area once land was
  conquered.

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Rise of Mongolian Power

• The Mongols originated in dry grasslands in the
  central part of Asia.
• They raised livestock and were organized in
  groups called clans.
• Their spread throughout the land started as they
  looked for new pastures for their herds.
• in 1200 CE, Temujin brought all clans together
  under his power.

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Rise of Mongolian Power cont.

• He eventually became Genghis Khan, or universal
  leader.
• After his death, his sons and grandsons took over
  and kept his authority streak and conquered the
  desired area for the empire.
• Ogodai, Genghis Khans son, died and the Mongols
  were then stopped in Eurasia.
• Egypts army defeated the Mongols and the Mongol
  leader, Hulegu, decided not to conquer anymore
  land.
• The Empire fell mostly because the land was too
  big to control and because it was divided.

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East Asia Political Systems and Cultural Patterns
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East Asia Political Systems and Cultural Patterns

• China
• Influenced areas around it such as Japan, Korea,
  and Vietnam
• Sui dynasty built canal linking northern
  southern China
• Tang dynasty distributed land to peasants
• Invented printing (woodblock printing)
• Chinese imperial court set up trade and
  diplomatic relations with the states of Southeast
  Asia
• Rulers unable to prevent plotting against and
  government corruption
• Female children were considered less desirable
  than male children
• When married, the girls parents would provide a
  dowry or gift to her husband.
• Confucianism
• Was the basis of the state government
• Now called Neo-Confucianism (response to Buddhism
  and Daoism)
• World is real not an illusion, you must
  participate in order to enjoy the world

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Tang China

• They had a strong transportation and
  communication system
• -advanced road systems
• -postal stations
• -stables for travelers
• -used the roads to send messages by horse
  to keep in contact with the large empire.

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Tang China cont.

• The equal-field system
• -Meant to make sure that land distribution was
  fair and equal.
• -The emperor wanted to control the amount of land
  the families had.
• A merit-based bureaucracy
• -recruited government officials who were smart,
  educated, and loyal to their job.

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Song China

• Finances
• -expansion of the empire meant that expenses
  went up.
• -The government then started to raise taxes
  making the people of the empire angry.
• Military
• -China had many invasions, so they depended on a
  strong military.

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Song China cont.

• -The military was eventually overthrown and Song
  China was under Mongolian control.
• Trade routes along the roads of china made for
  economic growth.

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Japanese vs. European Feudalism

• Similarities
• Mutual ties and obligations
• Valued courage, loyalty, contempt for
  non-warriors

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The Golden Age

• The Tang built road systems, post stations, and
  sent messengers to communicate with the rest of
  the dynasty. The Grand Canal made it possible for
  China to increase trade and communication.
• Bureaucratic systems were based on merit not on
  money or class.
• Increased agriculture production, population,
  urbanization, technological innovations, and
  financial inventions all were factors of the
  flourishing economy during the Golden Age.

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Religious Conflicts

• During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhist and
  Confucius ideals created much conflict in
  government and society.
• Confucianism emphasizes the duty owed to society,
  order, and hierarchy.
• Buddhism emphasizes the withdrawal from society
  to focus on the individual.
• The emergence of Neo-Confucianism merged the two
  religious ideals together to make a more
  successful society and political structure.

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The Patriarchal Way of Life

• The dominance of males increased with the
  increase of productivity. Women began to bind
  their feet to let others know they were wealthy
  and did not need to work for their husbands could
  work.
• Males continued to dominate most aspects of
  society while the women returned to traditional
  housework.

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The Mongols, Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming

• Kublai Khan conquered the Song and established
  the capital of Beijing and the Yuan Dynasty.
• Militarism rose as the Yuan Dynasty rose
  merchants status was improved and more territory
  was gained.
• The Ming closed all relations with the Mongols
  (Yuan), making the Ming independent from the
  world.

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Americas

• Maya
• City-states
• Agriculture basis for life
• United by loyalty to king
• Complex calendars, math, astronomy
• Decline
• Conflict between states, disrupted trade,
  over-farming

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Americas

• Aztec
• United by loyalty to king
• Military conquest
• Human sacrifice
• Inca
• United by loyalty to king
• Major roads connected empire
• Welfare state cared for everyone

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Decentralization of Europe

• Fall of Rome political void
• Germanic tribes create their own kingdoms
• Europe divided
• Unsafe to travel
• Decrease in trade and exports

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Division of Christianity

• Shift of power from Rome to Byzantium
• Lack of contact, beliefs differed
• Differences were irreconcilable1054 schism
• Eastern Orthodox Church
• Roman Catholic Church (west)
• Papacy
• Leader of Catholic Church

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Medieval Society

• FeudalismPolitical
• Lords/vassals, loyalty for land, system of govt
  and landholding
• ManorsEconomic
• Lords estate, self-sufficient, obligations
  between serfs and lords
• The ChurchBelief System
• Unifying force, power over everyday lives
• ChivalryCode of Behavior
• Courage, devotion to feudal and heavenly lord,
  respect for women

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Arts, Sciences, Technology

• Agricultural techniques
• More food
• Increased population
• Improvements in technology led to later Age of
  Exploration
• Castles, siege towers

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Revival of Cities

• Increased trade, population, crop production
• Villages became towns
• Expansion of markets
• The church forbade loans, people went to Jewish
  moneylenders

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Crusades-Late 11th-13th Centuries

• Byzantine emperor calls Pope for help from Muslim
  invasions
• European knights to help
• No permanent gains for Christians
• Muslims get Constantinople (Istanbul)
• Trade with Middle East new wealth
• European demand for foreign products
• Cultural change!

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Eastern Europe
Western Europe

• Byzantine Empire
• Constantine
• Justinians Code
• Systemized Roman law
• Basis of law in western Europe and United States

• Frankish Empire
• Charlemagne
• Reunited western Europe
• Holy Roman Empire
• Emperors clashed with popes

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Swahili Coast Trades

• Cattle herding, farming and gold trade were a
  major part of the coast.

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Empire of Ghana

• In the 8th century, the Soninke, a farming
  people, formed the empire of Ghana.
• The empire was gaining wealth through taxing
  traders who went through Ghana.
• Their most important asset was gold from the
  Niger River. They traded it for salt from the
  Sahara.
• Ghana had a good army, so the empire thrived.
• Most of Ghana converted to Islam.

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Impact of migrations

• Aztecs (The place of the seven legendary caves)
• Originally named the Mexica
• Settled in an unusual place an island in the
  middle of a swampland of Lake Texococo, later
  built to become Mexico city
• Established city of Tenochtitlan, and expanded by
  conquering nearby people and using them for
  tribute
• By the middle of the 15th century their territory
  was almost coast to coast
• Mongols
• Expanded their territory by conquering other
  people around them
• Used brute force to defeat their opponents
• Began to move when they needed new pastures for
  their herds
• Also thought that a drought had started the
  migration
• Skilled horsemanship lead to successful migration

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Impact of Migrations

• Turks
• Originally Indo-Europeans who migrated into the
  Middle East
• Seljuk Turks invaded Byzantine Empire, sparking
  migration from Europe to middle East
• By end of era Ottoman Turks were on the rise
• Captured Constantinople and they gained control
  of trade on the Mediterranean
• Vikings
• Vikings swept from Normandy (Europe), to
  Mediterranean areas (Russia) during the 8th and
  9th centuries
• looting and destroying communities, churches,
  and monasteries. Some settled and intermarried
  with natives, forming new groups such as the
  Normans and the Rus (Russians)

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Impact of Migrations

• Vikings
• Consequence of their invasions was development of
  feudalism in Europe.
• The attacks convinced Europeans that protection
  was vital, and so they organized into a network
  of lords and vassals, that eventually built
  kingdoms with great armies ready to fight.
• Arabs
• Most significant effect of the Arab movement from
  the Arabian Peninsula was the spread of Islam
• Invaded, settled, and eventually ruled, the
  Middle East, northern Africa, and southern Europe
• Political structure of the caliphate did not
  survive, Islam held the areas together culturally
  as it mixed with natively customs and religions.
• Despite splits between Sunni and Shi'a, the
  Islamic World emerged as an entire cultural area
  during this era

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Migration of Arabs

• During the 11th century, a large amount of Arabs
  migrated to Africa. Because of that, the Islamic
  religion and Arabic traditions dispersed deeper
  into Africa.
• Islam also spread towards the Mali, then Songhai
  empires. Timbuktu became known for being the
  center of Islamic scholarships for its
  university.

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East Asia Political Systems and Cultural Patterns

• Arts
• Landscape painting reached its high point
• People were insignificant, painted as tiny
  figures in boats or wandering up a hill, living
  in, but not dominating nature
• Porcelain became very popular
• A ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high
  temperatures
• Europe did not find out about this technique
  until the eighteenth century
• Japan based their government on the chinese
• Limit power of aristocrats and empower the ruler,
  making him look like a divine figure

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Causes/Effects of the 14th Century Plague

• Black Death
• Southwestern China
• Cross-cultural exchanges-goods, ideas, disease
• Mongol military campaigns
• Fleas, merchants, travelers
• Decline in population
• Yuan Dynasty, Mongol control, ¼ Europe
• Labor shortages
• Trade standstill, deterioration of towns, social
  unrest, rebellions

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Growth and Role of Cities

• Africa
• Mali (1200-1500) wealth derives from trade, gold
  fields of Niger strong Muslim political and
  merchant classes
• Building of Quranic school Ibn
  Battuta (1304-1369)
• Swahili Coast farming, cattle herding, gold
  trade
• Mosques and churches lead to worship and
  education
• Islam increases in literacy, first in Arabic
• Growth of elite classes
• Slave trade across Africa into Middle East,
  India, China
• Most slaves specialize in service, some slaves
  become powerful and wealthy because of their
  military ability

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Growth and Role of Cities

• The Song Empire
• (Capital) Kaifeng, military has over one million
  men
• iron and steel production rivals eighteenth
  century Britain
• experiments with gunpowder paper money, tax
  farming, modern private capitalism
• Movable type leads to spreading of agricultural
  techniques, educational resources, public-health
  materials (combat malaria and plague)
• women did not have property rights or ability to
  remarry and rarely had educational opportunities

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Growth and Role of Cities

• The Aztecs (Tenochtitlan)
• Move to islands off the shore of Lake Texcoco
  organized by clan 
• Society based on military conquest 
• Take fertile agricultural lands and establish
  monarchy selected by council of aristocrats from
  among all the males of ruling family
• Warrior elite was assigned highest social status 
• Lake Texcoco separates fresh water from salt
  water
• Great social division based on wealth 
• Managed long-distance trade
• Polytheistic, Huitzilopochtli (God) needs
  constant diet of human hearts to keep sun
  shining worship of sun
• Sacrifice increases under Aztecs war captives,
  criminals, slaves, people given as tribute
• Rebellion, deviancy, opposition will not be
  tolerated