Chapter 10: Inner and East Asia

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Chapter 10 Inner and East Asia

• 600-1200

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The Sui Dynasty (581-618)

• Yang Jian (Sui Wendi)
• Established capital at Changan
• What did the Han Dynasty (Liu Bang) declare was
  the state philosophy?
• Used Daoism and Buddhism to unify China
• Founded Buddhist monasteries and appointed
  Buddhist monks as political advisors

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Sui Dynasty cont.

• What was the Sui Dynastys greatest construction
  project?
• Completion of the Grand Canal
• aka the artificial Nile
• approx. 1200 mi long
• links Yellow and Yangtze Rivers
• Facilitated trade, communication and the
  transportation of goods
• Also allowed for troops to be quickly dispatched
  to troubled areas of the empire

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Sui Dynasty cont.

• Sui Yangdi was tyrannical and waged expensive
  military campaigns
• After his death, Sui Dynasty died as well
• For more info on the Grand Canal
• www.chinapage.com/canal.html
• www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/District/879134

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Tang Dynasty (618-907)

• Founded by Li Yuan
• Pushed aside by son Li Shimin
• Took title Tang Taizong
• Expanded empire-How?
• Established a tributary system as a result

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Buddhism and the Tang Empire

• Influence of Buddhism on Politics
• Importance of Mahayana
• Expansion of the empire
• Interaction w/Central Asia and India increased
• While many converted to Buddhism and
  Confucianism, many regions kept their own local
  religions and traditions
• Tang Empire-cosmopolitan
• Explain what this means.

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Civil Service Examination

• Process used to select public servants
• Could not prevent aristocratic influence
• Primary path to a career in government
• Relatives of employees were not permitted to take
  the exam
• Included questions about Buddhism, Daoism and
  Confucianism-Why?

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Economy and Society

• Economy grew in size and complexity
• Still mainly agricultural
• Most land owned by aristocratic families
• Peasants overburdened by taxes forced into
  serfdom or slavery
• Tang Dynasty tried to reduce nobles power and
  maximize tax revenue by adopting an equal field
  system
• What is an equal field system?

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Economy cont.

• Led to increased rural prosperity and govt
  revenue when enforced
• Aristocracy learned how to manipulate the system
• Began accumulating large tracts of land
• Increase in population
• Period of social stability
• These pressured the government systems
• Tang Dynasty failed to resolve these problems

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Economy cont.

• What were some of the innovations of this time
  period?
• mastered art of steel manufacturing
• Introduction of cotton led to new textiles
• Invention of gunpowder

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Trade

• Govt was leery of trade so they kept monopolies
  over key commodities
• ex. salt
• Paper currency introduced 8th/9th cent.
• Not backed by metal coins
• What happened as a result?

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Trade cont.

• Introduction of credit
• Led to developments In banking
• Complex calculations made easier w/the invention
  of the abacus
• Silk Road was revived and reached its peak during
  this time
• Changan became the eastern end of the Silk Road
• Became very rich!
• Canton became major port in Southern China
• Brought the bubonic plague

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Trade cont.

• What were some of the traded goods?
• Chinese viewed the world in a hierarchical manner
• How does the tributary system illustrate that?

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Uighur and Tibetan Empires

• Why were the Uighurs so important to trade?
• What role did Tibet play in the Tang Empire after
  the fall of the Uighurs?

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Upheavals and Repression

• Buddhism seen as undermining Confucian ideas of
  family and as a model for the state
• Push for a return to Confucianism
• Why else did the government want to return to
  Confucianism?
• What happened as a result?

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The End of the Tang Empire

• Military campaigns and overburdened tax system
  contributed to the empires downfall
• Internal strife-rebellions, funding cuts for the
  military, political and cultural disintegration

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The Song Dynasty 960-1279

• 3 states emerged after the Tang
• Liao Empire (Khitan)
• North
• Govt centered on cities, but leaders preferred
  nomad camps
• Tangguts (Minyak)
• West
• Connected to the Tang Empire
• Song Dynasty
• Central China

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Song Dynasty cont.

• Competition b/t the groups was inevitable
• All three empires were very different-How?
• Song was cut off from Inner and Central Asia
• What did they do as a result?

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Song Dynasty cont.

• Founded by Song Taisu
• Could not take over the Khitan people
• Established capital _at_ Kaifeng where the Grand
  Canal intersects the Yellow River
• When pressure from the north increased, moved
  capital further south to Hangzhou
• On the coast of the Yangtze River delta
• Emperors here known as the Southern Song
• Also lost control over Tibet
• Despite political and military problems, ruled
  during economically prosperous time

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The Liao and Jin Challenge
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Liao and Jin Challenge cont.

• Liao Empire (960-1121)
• Siberia to Central Asia
• Pastoral traditions
• Encouraged people to keep their individuality
• How?
• Introduced siege machines
• 1005 Song Dynasty began paying them an annual
  tribute of cash and silkcontinued for more than
  a century
• Eventually got sick of paying

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Liao and Jin challenge cont.

• What did the Song do as a result?
• Who were the Jurchens?
• From Manchuria
• Eventually became enemies of the Song
• 1127-capturedSong capital _at_ Kaifeng
• Northern China left in Jurchen control
• Song allied themselves with the Mongols

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Civil Service Examination

• 3 levels of exams given
• Qualifying exam
• If pass, qualified for position, but most likely
  got positions at the local level as village
  teachers
• Could take the next exam given every three years
  at the imperial capital
• Could apply for official positions
• Final exam-given every three years at the
  imperial palace
• Those who pass were eligible for high positions
  in the central bureaucracy or as district
  magistrates

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Exams cont.

• Ignored claims of cheating
• Exams were open to all males except criminals and
  members of restricted occupations
• Set up schools to provide education for potential
  candidates
• Still did not provide equal opportunity
• Open only to males
• Govt did not offer basic education
• Only those in upper classes could enter state
  schools
• Govt full of corruption and infighting
• Used positions to help family members get
  jobs-did not see that as nepotism- Why not?

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Industry, Economy and Society during the Song

• What were the scientific/technological advances
  during the Song Dynasty?
• Civil man outranked military man
• New interpretations of Confucian teachings
  emerged
• Called neo-Confucianism
• Who was Zhu Xi? Why was he important to the
  neo-Confucian movement?
• How did Buddhism change during this time which
  allowed it to continue in China?

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Industry. Economy and society in the Song Dynasty
cont.

• What were the social implications for passing the
  civil service exams? What were the negative
  social implications for failing the exam?
• How did moveable type change the exam?
• How did moveable type change country life?

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Economy and society in the Song Dynasty

• Agriculture is still profitable
• What was city life like in Hangzhou?
• Began using credit- what did it depend on?
• Use of paper money caused severe inflation
• Land no longer the main source of wealth

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Economy and society in Song Dynasty

• How did the role of women in society change as
  society moved back towards Confucianism?
• What were the two ways in which marriage customs
  changed during this time?

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New Kingdoms in East Asia

• Did not rely on the civil service exam
• Most govt positions went to the higher classes
• Rich learned to read Chinese and Confucian
  classics

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Korea

• Conquered by the Chinese during the Han Dynasty
• After Han Dynasty collapsed in 220 CE, broke free
  of Chinese rule
• Remained a vassal of China
• Sui and Tang tried to take them over but failed
• Korea maintained independence but had tributary
  status
• younger brother/older brother relationship with
  China

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Korea cont.

• 20 of the land was farmable
• Main contribution woodblock printing
• How did this work?

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Japan

• Never fell under Chinese rule but adopted
  cultural hegemony
• Most Chinese ideas in Japan came by way of Korea
• A lot of immigration to Japan from China and
  Korea
• 11 farmable land
• Japanese govt sent ppl to China to learn and
  adopt Chinese models

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Japan cont.

• Did not copy everything-Explain.
• Fujiwara (645)
• Adopted Chinese culture, religion and govt to
  unify Japan
• 646 Taika reforms (great change)
• Consolidated administration
• Extensive road construction
• Abolished private ownership of land and
  established equal field system
• Land redistributed w/generational change

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Japan cont.

• 710-established new capital modeled after
  Changan in Nara
• Emperor also served as chief priest of Shinto
• Why didnt the dynasty ever change?
• Began to record history in Nihon Shoki (written
  in Chinese)
• Wrote legends in Kojiki (Japanses/Chinese mix)

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Japan cont.

• How were women treated?
• How did they contribute to Japanese culture?
• 1156-1185-increase in military values
• Established Kamakura shogunate-explain.
• Emergence of the samurai

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Vietnam (Annam)

• Political and economic life centered on the Red
  River Valley in the north and the Mekong River
  valley in the south
• Why was agriculture possible? What did they grow?
• Elites adopted many parts of Chinese culture as
  well

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Vietnam cont.

• Dai Viet (936)
• How did Champa rival Dai Viet?
• How did they interact with the Song Dynasty?
• How did the role of women in Vietnam differ from
  the role of women in China, Japan and Korea?