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Consolidating a Triumphant Union

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Andrew Johnson (VP) takes over as President ... Johnson believed that former slaves had to continue their job as field laborers ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Consolidating a Triumphant Union


1
Consolidating a Triumphant Union
  • 1865-1877
  • (Chapter 15)

2
The United States in 1865
  • At the end of the war, Lincolns official
    position was that the South had never left the
    Union
  • Lincolns opponents argued that by declaring war,
    the Confederacy had broken their Constitutional
    ties and reverted to a territory status
  • The North was stronger than ever, the South lay
    in ruins

3
Hopes Among the Freed people
  • Blacks tested their new freedom gradually
  • Most freed slaves made education a priority
  • Many left their plantations in search of a family
    member who had been sold
  • The primary goal for these freed people was to
    secure jobs and land
  • They expected a new economic order and some
    compensation for their years in slavery

4
Rehearsals for Post-War Restoration
  • Nov., 1861 Union forces occupy Sea Islands, SC
  • Aim was to guide blacks from slave to free
    lives
  • Teachers, missionaries as well as investors from
    Boston saw this area as opportunity
  • Investors wanted to establish wage labor to grow
    cotton to supply textile mills directly
  • Blacks opposed to this and favored barter system
    and subsistence farming
  • Union officials in Louisiana forced blacks to
    work in plantations for wages instead of as a
    slave
  • Blacks protested by going on strikes, demanding
    higher wages and refusing to work

5
Rehearsals for Post-War Restoration
  • Dec. 1863 Lincoln introduces the Ten Percent
    Plan to Congress
  • This allowed Confederate states to form new state
    governments if 10 of those who had voted in the
    1860 presidential election, renounced slavery and
    pledged allegiance to the Union
  • Congress resents Lincolns effort to control the
    situation and instead passes the Wade-Davis Bill
  • This bill required a majority of Southern voters
    to pledge allegiance to the United States
  • Lincoln vetoes this Bill but approves the
    creation of the Freedmans Bureau (Mar. 1865)

6
Freedmans Bureau
  • Established on Mar. 3rd, 1865
  • Also known as the Bureau of Refugees
  • It was a federal agency that was formed to aid
    distressed refugees who had been loyal to the
    Union, after the Civil War (blacks as well as
    poor whites)
  • It was initiated by Lincoln and was intended to
    last for one year after the end of the Civil War
  • The bureau helped set up schools, supervised
    labor contracts, settled domestic disputes and
    legalized marriages that had taken place under
    slavery
  • Served as an early employment agency for African
    Americans

7
Presidential Reconstruction 1865-1867
  • April, 1865 Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes
    Booth
  • Andrew Johnson (VP) takes over as President
  • He had his own agenda for Reconstruction in the
    South
  • He appeared to support poor, white farmers in
    opposition to rich planters
  • Republicans initially support Southern Democrat
    Johnson as enemy of planter class
  • Johnson, Republicans split on Reconstruction

8
Presidential Reconstruction 1865-1867
  • Poor whites could have the right to vote if they
    met at special state conventions
  • The Conventions had to renounce secession,
    repudiate Confederate debt, and ratify the
    Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery
  • They also had to elect new state officials and
    members of Congress
  • Johnson believed that former slaves had to
    continue their job as field laborers
  • He did not support granting voting rights to
    slaves, contrary to Lincolns ideas of granting
    them voting rights

9
Black Codes
  • Republicans opposed to Johnsons policies and
    thought they were too lenient
  • Southern states used his policies to pass the
    Black Codes
  • They were unfair laws aimed at blacks
  • Any blacks violating the Black Codes were
    imprisoned or forced into labor
  • By these codes
  • Blacks that were not working in fields could be
    imprisoned (vagrants)
  • No voting rights
  • Could not own land
  • Could not serve in juries
  • Could not carry weapons
  • Could not leave jobs unless justified in doing so

10
Inter-Party Political Tensions
  • Johnson approves Black Codes
  • Republicans vehemently opposed to the codes
  • Rift between Johnson and Republicans
  • Jan. 1865 Congress approves the Thirteenth
    Amendment which abolished slavery
  • 1866 Johnson vetoes two bills
  • extension of Freedmens Bureau
  • Civil Rights Bill to overturn Black Codes
  • Congress overrides both vetoes

11
Inter-Party Political Tensions
  • June, 1865 Congress passes the Fourteenth
    Amendment
  • Promised perpetual protection of the civil rights
    of black Americans by legally defining them as
    citizens
  • Granted suffrage to black males in the South
  • Punished states that denied blacks voting rights
  • Voided Confederate debts
  • Declared former rebels ineligible for federal and
    state office positions
  • Johnson vetoes amendment and rift between him and
    Congress widens

12
Carpetbaggers
  • This was the term used to describe Northern
    whites who migrated south, after the Civil War,
    to invest in land and become planters
  • Derogatory term whites who quickly threw some
    belongings into bags made of carpet scraps, and
    left to go South, to take advantage to of the
    post-war devastation, and confusion
  • They employed blacks to work in the cotton fields
    and extended the idea of slavery

13
Ku Klux Klan
  • 1866 A secret society consisting of white
    supremists was set up called the KKK
  • Used terrorism, violence, and lynching of blacks
    to spread terror in the South
  • Eventually died out in 1871
  • Caused the death and disappearance of hundreds of
    blacks in the South

14
Post-War Labor Problems in the South
  • White landowners continue to regard blacks as
    only fit to work in the fields
  • Blacks aspire to be their own boss and not work
    under any white
  • Freedmans Bureau works as liaison between freed
    people and southern whites
  • Free labor system with annual contracts
  • Blacks would be employed in exchange for monthly
    wage, a share of the annual crop, or a
    combination of both
  • Many blacks, specially women, went about
    legalizing marriage vows and taking care of
    family, both of which they had been denied as
    slaves

15
Post-War Labor Problems in the South
  • Many blacks in South Carolina and Georgia want to
    stay where their ancestors had lived and died
  • They urge Gen. Sherman to confiscate land owned
    by rebels in this area
  • 1865 Gen. Sherman issues Field Order Number 15
  • By this, the Sea Islands and coastal region South
    of Charleston, was to be divided into 40 acre
    parcels and issued to freed men and their
    families
  • Each family would also receive a mule to help
    them work the fields
  • Came to be known as the 40 acres and a mule
    Rule

16
Post-War Labor Problems in the South
  • 20,000 former slaves begin cultivating
    Confederate land in response to Shermans ruling
  • But at the end of the war, the War Department,
    under pressure from Southern white landowners,
    revoked the 40 acres and a mule rule
  • War Dept. provides military support to whites in
    the South until they could re-occupy their land

17
Sharecropping
  • This system became very popular in the years
    following the Civil War
  • By this system, poor blacks as well as whites,
    could enter into annual contracts with white
    landowners
  • In exchange for labor, the white landowner would
    advance crop seed, mules, farm implements, food
    and clothing to the poor workers
  • At the end of the year, if the debt was yet
    unpaid, they continued to work in hope of
    re-paying the debtvicious cycle
  • Landowner could evict laborers and his families
    if he was displeased with his work

18
Building Free Communities
  • After the war, blacks attempt to organize
    themselves into social and political groups to
    benefit their own people
  • Divided into two groups according to class
    literate and light-skinned blacks vs. illiterate
    blacks who worked the fields
  • Blacks unanimously believed that freedom from
    slavery also should give them full citizenship
    rights, including voting rights, rights to
    education, owning land, holding office etc.

19
Building Free Communities
  • Freed people set up self-help organizations and
    committees to raise funds to set up schools for
    blacks and hire teachers
  • Money raised with difficulty and at great
    sacrifice of the people
  • Extended family ties became stronger among blacks
  • Poor but Rich!
  • Southern whites angry at attempts of blacks to
    build a community
  • Resulted in blacks choosing to segregate
    themselves from whites
  • Increased incidents of KKK activities

20
Radical Reconstruction
  • Coalition of radical Republicans led by Charles
    Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens push Congress to pass
    Reconstruction Act of 1867
  • purpose to purge the South of disloyalty one and
    for all
  • former Confederates lost voting rights
  • Confederate states would not be re-admitted to
    Union until 14th Amendment was ratified, new
    constitution granting black men voting rights,
    was written
  • South (Tennessee exempted) to be divided into
    military districts
  • Federal troops stationed in South to protect
    Union leaders and restore political and economic
    order
  • Congress passed 2 more acts
  • Aim was to get more power than the president

21
Radical Reconstruction
  • Tenure of Office Act restricted presidential
    appointment powers in light of Johnsons
    aggressive racism and determination to foil any
    reconstruction process aim was to prevent
    President from firing Sect. of War Edwin Stanton,
    who supported the radical Republicans
  • Command of the Army Act required the president
    to seek approval for military orders from Ulysses
    S. Grant, who also supported the Republicans
  • Both acts violated Separation of powers doctrine
    of Constitution
  • Both Acts caused national crisis
  • 1868 Johnson violates Tenure of Office Act and
    fires Stanton to defy Congress
  • Congress moves to impeach Johnson

22
The Impeachment Crisis
  • South under military rule until black suffrage
    fully secured
  • Johnson moves to obstruct Reconstruction
  • February, 1868 Congress impeaches Johnson
  • Senate refuses to convict Johnson, because they
    are 1 vote short of two-thirds majority, in
    Senate, to do this
  • Radical Republicans seen as subversive of
    Constitution, lose public support
  • End of political career for Johnson
  • Ulysses S. Grant becomes President in Election of
    1868

23
Becoming One, Once Again!
  • 1868 Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina,
    Louisiana, Tennessee, Alabama, and Florida meet
    all conditions of Congress and join the Union
    once again
  • 1869 Fifteenth Amendment passed granting all
    black men right to vote
  • 1870 Mississippi, Virginia, Georgia, and Texas
    re-join the Union
  • 1871 Ku Klux Klan Act passed by Congress to
    punish atrocities of KKK members against blacks

24
Campaigns Against Indians
  • 1867 and 1868 Treaties signed between Indians
    (Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Plains
    Apache) and U.S. government
  • Indians had agreed to allow railroad workers,
    surveyors, and supply caravans into Indian
    territory, in exchange for food and supplies
  • Now Indians violated the treaty by attacking
    railroad workers
  • 1871 U.S. revokes treaties and embarks on full
    attack of Indians
  • 1874 Gold discovered by whites in sacred Sioux
    land, Black Hills, resulting in influx of miners
  • Sioux leaders, Red Cloud, Spotted Tail, and
    Sitting Bull, refuse to sell the land to U.S.
  • 1876 Custer attacks Sioux and Cheyenne at Little
    Big Horn River
  • He is defeated by Indians

25
Central Pacific Railroad
  • Owners of CPR wanted to build railroad trestles
    from California to the east
  • Aim was to aid easy passage of people
  • Acute labor problems
  • Irish laborers demanded higher wages and left
    upon news of gold being located nearby
  • Solution was to import cheap Chinese labor from
    Guangdong province, China
  • Chinese laborers worked under grueling conditions
    to finish railroad
  • Many settled in California

26
Post-War Womens Suffrage Movement
  • War encourages women to want to participate in
    nations politics
  • Women wanted the right to vote because they
    deserved it
  • 1866 Equal Rights Association is created by
    Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and
    Lucy Stone
  • Aim was to link rights of white women with
    African American women

27
Womens Suffrage
  • 1867 Kansas rejects a proposal for joint
    suffrage for both blacks and white women
  • Many feel it would be better if suffrage was
    granted to blacks first and then approach the
    matter for womens suffrage
  • 1869 Women reformers split into 2 groups
  • Radical group with Anthony and Stanton denounce
    the 15th Amendment, since it gave suffrage only
    to black men
  • They create the National Woman Suffrage
    Association which favored liberalization of
    divorce laws, married womens property rights,
    setting up of colleges and trade schools for
    women, and most importantly, the right to vote

28
Womens Suffrage
  • Joined for a brief period of time by Victoria
    Woodhull
  • 1872 Anthony is arrested for attempting to vote
    in the presidential election of 1872 and later
    tried and convicted for the crime
  • NWSA later joins up with AWSA and focuses mainly
    on voting rights for women
  • The second group under Lucy Stone and her
    husband, Henry Blackwell, set up the American
    Woman Suffrage Association, which favored the
    15th Amendment and focused only on the issue of
    voting rights for women, and worked on
    state-by-state campaigns to get suffrage for
    women

29
Workers Organizations
  • Many changes in U.S. economy during post-War Era
  • Main boost in railroad building, mining and heavy
    industry
  • Brought forth managerial class in urban areas
  • Negative effect of economic growth debt
  • Southern farmers forced to take loans from banks,
    and forced to start growing cotton instead of
    corn or other staple crops
  • 1867 National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
    (the Grange) set up by Oliver Kelly, to form
    cooperatives to market their crops and challenge
    rates that favored big businesses

30
Workers Organizations
  • 1869 Knights of Labor formed to unite industrial
    and rural workers, blacks and whites, men and
    women, wage earners and businessmen
  • 1873 Economic depression in the country
  • Farmers who had huge debts could not pay them
    off as a result many banks closed down
  • Many small businesses went out of business
  • National Labor Union closed as a result of this
    depression
  • 1878 Greenback Labor Party created

31
Political Corruption Decline of Republican
Idealism
  • Corruption rampant in post-war time
  • Bribes, kick-backs very common
  • During this time newspapers received importance
    because they exposed many of the schemes to the
    public
  • 1870s A political organization in New York City
    called Tammany Hall was notorious for bribery and
    extortion
  • William Boss Tweed was the head of Tammany Hall
    and was tried and convicted for his crimes and
    schemes to milk common people
  • 1872 Credit Mobilier scandal exposed by the New
    York Sun where many politicians were involved in
    receiving company stocks in the company

32
Political Corruption Decline of Republican
Idealism
  • Presidential Election of 1872 Ulysses S. Grant
    is Republican candidate and Horace Greeley is
    Democratic candidate
  • Grant wins election
  • 1875 Civil Rights Act is passed granting blacks
    equal access to public accommodation and
    transportation
  • Presidential Election of 1876 Both party
    candidates get almost the same number of
    electoral votes, but Rutherford B. Hayes
    (Republican) wins against Democrat Samuel Tilden
    by one vote

33
Conclusion
  • Reconstruction process very slow and painful for
    both sides
  • Party politics and personal ideology of leaders
    decided the outcome of how things were to be done
  • Southern white supremacists gained control of
    local and state governments, and denied blacks of
    basic citizenship rights
  • Republicans controlled national economic policy
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