CIVIL WAR

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CIVIL WAR
Abraham Lincoln here, and I am going to tell you
about the journey that brought us to the Civil
War.

• Cause of the Civil War
• Part 1

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Pre- Civil War
The preCivil War years (18201860, or the
antebellum years) were among the most chaotic
in American historya time of significant changes
that took place as the United States came of age.
During these years, the nation was transformed
from an underdeveloped nation of farmers and
frontiersmen into an urbanized economic
powerhouse. As the industrialized North and the
agricultural South grew further apart, five major
trends dominated American economic, social, and
political life during this period.
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1stMarket Revolution
First, the Market Revolutionthe shift from an
agricultural economy to one based on wages and
the exchange of goods and servicescompletely
changed the northern and western economy between
1820 and 1860. After Eli Whitney invented the
cotton gin and perfected manufacturing with
interchangeable parts, the North experienced a
manufacturing boom that continued well into the
next century. Cyrus McCormicks mechanical
mower-reaper also revolutionized grain production
in the West. Internal improvements such as the
Erie Canal and the Cumberland Road, combined with
new modes of transportation such as the steamboat
and railroad, allowed goods and crops to flow
easily and cheaply between the agricultural West
and manufacturing North. The growth of
manufacturing also spawned the wage labor system
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lwar/context.html
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Urbanization
Second, American society urbanized drastically
during this era. The United States had been a
land comprised almost entirely of farmers, but
around 1820, millions of people began to move to
the cities. They, along with several million
Irish and German immigrants, flooded northern
cities to find jobs in the new industrial
economy. The advent of the wage labor system
played a large role in transforming the social
fabric because it gave birth to Americas first
middle class. Comprised mostly of white-collar
workers and skilled laborers, this growing middle
class became the driving force behind a variety
of reform movements. Among these were movements
to reduce consumption of alcohol, improve prisons
and insane asylums, improve education, and ban
slavery. Religious revivalism, resulting from the
Second Great Awakening, also had a large impact
on American life in all parts of the country.
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3rdPolitical Struggles
Third, the major political struggles during the
antebellum period focused on states rights.
Southern states were dominated by states
rightersthose who believed that the individual
states should have the final say in matters of
interpreting the Constitution. Inspired by the
old Democratic-Republicans, John C. Calhoun
argued in his South Carolina Exposition and
Protest essay that the states had the right to
nullify laws that they deemed unconstitutional
because the states themselves had created the
Constitution. Others, such as President Andrew
Jackson and Chief Justice John Marshall, believed
that the federal government had authority over
the states. The debate came to a head in the
Nullification Crisis of 18321833, which nearly
touched off a civil war.
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4thSlavery Debate
Fourth, and closely tied to the states rights
issue, was the debate over slaverythe most
divisive issue the nation had yet faced. Between
1820 and 1860, more and more northerners came to
realize the horrors and injustices of slavery,
while southerners grew increasingly reliant upon
it to support their cotton-based economy.
Northerners did not necessarily want social and
political equality for blacks they sought merely
their emancipation. The debate in politics
centered primarily on the westward expansion of
slavery, which southern elites saw as vital to
the survival of their aristocratic social and
economic order. Others vehemently opposed the
expansion of slavery outside the South. The
debate was critical in the Missouri crisis, the
annexation of Texas, and after the Mexican War.
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5thWestward Expansion
Finally, the issue of westward expansion itself
had a profound effect on American politics and
society during the antebellum years. In the wake
of the War of 1812, many nationalistic Americans
believed that God intended for them to spread
democracy and Protestantism across the entire
continent. This idea of manifest destiny
spurred over a million Americans to sell their
homes in the East and set out on the treacherous
Oregon, Mormon, Santa Fe, and California Trails.
Policymakers capitalized on public sentiment to
acquire Florida and Oregon and declared war on
Mexico in 1846 to seize Texas, California, and
everything in between.
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What Next.
Ultimately, these trends irreconcilably split the
North from the South. The Market Revolution, wage
labor, improved transportation, social reforms,
and growing middle class of the North all clashed
with the deep-seated, almost feudal social
hierarchies of the South. Each successive debate
on slavery and westward expansion drove the
regions further apart until finally, in the
1850s, the North and the South were two wildly
different places, culturally, socially, and
economically.
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Civil War Leaders
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Opposing Sides
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was President of the United
States during the Civil War from 1860-1865. He
was born in a log cabin near Hodgenville,
Kentucky, on February 12, 1809. When he was
president he was also the Commander-in-Chief of
the Union Army, which is the highest-ranking
military officer. He appointed generals to
command his troops. In 1863 he issued the
Emancipation Proclamation which declared that all
slaves in the Confederate States would be free.
This helped end slavery in the United States. The
same year he gave a great speech called the
Gettysburg Address at a cemetery in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania. He wanted to honor all the soldiers
who had lost their lives in the war. Many people
thought he was a great president, but some people
did not like his views on slavery. President
Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865 by
John Wilkes Booth at a theater in Washington DC.
This was only five days after the South
surrendered to end the Civil War.
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Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant was the leader of the Union
Army. He had all the qualities President Lincoln
wanted for the commander of his army. Grant
fought very hard and was very stubborn in
battles. He did not like to be defeated. Grant
was trained at the Military Academy at West
Point, New York. During the Mexican-American War
he was a second lieutenant in the army. In 1854
he went home to his family. When the Civil War
began and the North began losing so many battles,
Grant joined the Army for a second time. He was
an excellent military leader because of his
training and skill. General Robert E. Lee, The
leader of the Confederate Army had to surrender
to General Grant in 1865. Later General Grant
became president of the United States twice.
People remember him as a great war hero. They
felt he did more as a leader of the army than
what he did as president.
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Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Davis was the President of the
Confederate States of America. He was also
Commander - in - Chief of the Confederate Army.
He was a colonel in the United States Army during
the Mexican-American War. He was Secretary of War
and also a United States Senator. Jefferson Davis
was born in the South and grew up on a cotton
plantation. When he was 16 years old he went to
the Military Academy at West Point. The training
he received at the military school helped him to
become a great military leader and is one of the
reasons the Confederates won so many battles at
the beginning of the Civil War.
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Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee was the South's greatest general
during the Civil War. He graduated from West
Point Military Academy and became a colonel in
the army before the Civil War began. He was from
Virginia and decided to fight on the side of the
Confederates even though President Lincoln asked
him to be commander of the entire Union Army.
General Lee wanted to fight for the South and
remain loyal to his home state. General Lee was a
fierce fighter and helped his soldiers win many
battles at the beginning of the Civil War. But
the Union Army was bigger and stronger. Lee felt
he had to surrender to the North to stop so many
of his soldiers from being killed.
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A civil war is a war between different groups of
people who belong to the same country.  The
American Civil War was fought between the North
(Union states) and the South (Confederate
states). It lasted from 1861-1865, triggered by
the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.  Lincoln
wanted to end slavery and keep the Union
together.  The conflict between the North (the
Yankees) and the South (the Rebels) started
because of their different ways of living.  The
North wanted the South to give up their farms,
build factories, and abolish slavery.  Congress
treated the slaves as personal property and would
not take away rights of ownership.  Thus,
America began the conflict that would take the
lives of more than 620,000 of its citizens and
injure more than 375,000.  Most of the battles
took place in the South and the recovery from the
destruction took many years. 
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Confederate States
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Confederate States
Border slave states that remained loyal to the
Union Delaware      Kentucky      Maryland     
Missouri(Western counties of Virginia refused to
secede from the Union)
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(No Transcript)
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Secession Events

• Attempted Compromises The Missouri Compromise
  (1820), kept a
• voting balance of a slave state (Missouri) and
  a free state
• (Maine).  Compromise of 1850, California was a
  free state, Southwest
• territories would decide about slavery. 
  Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular
• sovereignty decided the issue of slavery in
  the state.
• Republican Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated
  President on March 4,
• 1861.
• Southern states feared there would be no new
  slave states.
• Southern leaders thought their power in the
  House would decline as
• free states joined
• Southern states wanted the right to declare any
  national law illegal.
• Northern states wanted the national
  government's power to be
• supreme over the states.

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Influential People
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War Begins
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Where When
On April 12, 1861 at 430 A.M. the first shot
hurtled over Fort Sumter, at the entrance to the
harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.  This was
the beginning of the Civil War.  Union troops,
were forced to leave the fort the following day. 
The U.S. flag was not raised again at Fort Sumter
until February 18, 1865.  The fort was not of
military importance, but a symbol to both
sides. The First Battle at Bull Run (1861) was
the first major battle.  It was suppose to be the
shortest and the end to the brand new war.
Volunteer soldiers lined-up in colorful, clean
uniforms waiting for the event to begin. People
with picnic baskets sat on the hillsides as the
troops battled. After ten hours of fighting, 900
soldiers lay dying as the Union troops retreated
to Washington. 
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Where When
Known as the bloodiest battle of the Civil War,
the Battle of Shiloh caused more than 23,500 men
to be killed or missing.  From this important
battle, General Grant knew that the South would
not be pushovers.  The Battle of Antietam
(1862) saw General Lee lead the Confederate
troops into the North.  The battle was not a
decisive victory for either side.  This battle
led to the issuance of the Emancipation
Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln. 
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Where When
On July 3, 1861, Lees troops fought against
General George Meads army at the Battle of
Gettysburg.  This was the turning point in the
war.  Meade lost 70 of his men, but 4,000
Confederate soldiers were captured.  From
December 1862 to July 1863, the Battle of
Vicksburg was fought in Mississippi.  This Union
victory split the Confederacy in two, with the
North controlling the Mississippi River.  Grants
soldiers were starving and low on ammunition when
General Pemberton surrendered.
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Major Events

• The Emancipation Proclamation, in January,
  1863, made
• "freeing the slaves" the focus of the war. 
  Many freed
• slaves joined the Union.  
• In the Gettysburg Address on November 19,
  1863,
• Abraham Lincoln said the Civil War was to
  preserve a
• government "of the people, by the people, and
  for the
• people."
• General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General
  Ulysses S.
• Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9,
  1865, ending
• the Civil War.
• Lee said of the terms that Grant had written,
  "You have
• been very generous to the South."

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Communicating with the Soldiers
Most Civil War soldiers did not travel before
they joined the army.  The Blue and Gray soldiers
were homesick for their families.  The only way
they could contact each other was by letter
writing.  Each day, 90,000 letters passed through
Washington, D.C., even more through
Kentucky.  Soldiers used lead pencils, because
pens and ink were very rare. African Americans
fought in both armies.  The Confederacy used
slaves as naval crew members and soldiers and the
Union enlisted them early in the war.  African
soldiers did not have equal pay and were
discriminated against while serving in segregated
units.  Robert Smalls, a sailor and later an
honored Union naval captain went on to become a
Congressman after the war ended..
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Sullivan Ballou Letter to his Wife

July the 14th, 1861   My very dear
Sarah   The indications are very strong that we
shall move in a few days - perhaps tomorrow. Lest
I should not be able to write you again, I feel
impelled to write lines that may fall under your
eye when I shall be no more.   Our movement may
be one of a few days duration and full of
pleasure - and it may be one of severe conflict
and death to me. Not my will, but thine 0 God, be
done. If it is necessary that I should fall on
the battlefield for my country, I am ready. I
have no misgivings about, or lack of confidence
in, the cause in which I am engaged, and my
courage does not halt or falter.
Pretend that you are a soldier fighting or
serving in the Civil War.  Write a letter home to
a friend or loved one.  Tell how the war is
affecting you and the soldiers around you.  
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Extra, Extra, Read all About it.
Put together a Civil War newsletter, alone or
with a partner to share with your classmates.
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Extra, Extra, Read all About it.
Include the following information

• Catchy Caption
• Dedicate a section for describing the Battle that
  you are focusing on. (include date and location)
• Dedicate a section to 4 Important Dates and a
  brief description of what happened on those dates
• Dedicate a section for Words from a Soldier
  where you can write what soldiers may be feeling

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Procedures
Civil War Timeline

• Pick a Civil War event card to research
• Using the Internet and the Library books that I
  have provided you are going to research your
  EVENT
• Write a short summary to explain your event. You
  will type this up while at the Computer Lab.
• Find a picture of the event that you would like
  to draw and draw it for your final project.

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1860Abraham Lincoln is Elected into office
Project Layout
At the top of the construction paper that will be
provided to you, you will write the DATE, and
EVENT that occurred. Underneath that you will but
you illustration of the EVENT. Below that you
will have the typed summary.
1860 Lincoln elected to office
In November of 1860, Lincoln was Elected into
the Presidential Office. This was not accepted
freely by the Southern States. South Carolina
Seceded from the Union a month Later. This was
the start of the Civil War.
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For Research you can try these sites
HELPFUL WEBSITES

• 1820 Missouri Comprimise
• 1831 Nat Turners Slave Rebellion
• 1847 Fredrick Turner The North Star
• 1847 Dred Scott Sues for Freedom
• 1849 Harriet Tubman Escapes
• 1850 Compromise

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For Research you can try these sites
HELPFUL WEBSITES

• 1852 Sojourner Truth Speaks at Convention
• 1852 Uncle Toms Cabin is Published
• 1854 Kansas Nebraska Act
• 1858 Lincoln/Douglas Debates
• 1860 South Carolina Secedes from Union
• 1861 Fl, Ga, Al, Tx, La, Ms Secede from the Union

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For Research you can try these sites
HELPFUL WEBSITES

• 1861 Confederate States are formed
• 1861 Abraham Lincoln becomes President
• 1861 Confederate Troops fire on Fort Sumter
• 1861 Union Confederate Army need Volunteers
• 1861 Battle of Bull Run
• 1863 Emancipation Proclamation

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For Research you can try these sites
HELPFUL WEBSITES

• 1863 Battle of Vicksburg
• 1863 Battle of Gettysburg
• 1863 Lincoln gives the Gettysburg Address
• 1864 Shermans March to the Seas/Savannah Falls
• 1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court
  House

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For Research you can try these sites
HELPFUL WEBSITES

• 1865 Abraham Lincoln Assassinated
• 1865 Freedmans Bureau Established
• 1865 13th Amendment added to the Constitution
• 1868 14th Amendment added to the Constitution
• 1870 15th Amendment added to the Constitution
• 1877 Reconstruction Ends

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Activities Links
Writing Activities Timeline of Events Treasure
Hunt
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Backdrops - These are full sized backdrops, just
scale them up! - Can be Copy-Pasted out of
Templates for use anywhere!
www.animationfactory.com