CHAPTERS 19

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CHAPTERS 19 20 THE COURSE OF EMPIRE 1870-1900
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A. REASONS FOR EXPANSION

• 1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• a. NEW MARKETS
• b. LATIN AMERICA, PACIFIC CHINA

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2. FOREIGN INVESTMENT

• a. 1900-1914
• b. 455M TO 2.5B

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3. NAVAL POWER

• a. ALFRED T. MAHAN 1886
• THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON
• HISTORY (1890)
• b. NAVAL BASES TO
• SUPPORT WORLD POWER
• c. WEST VS. ORIENT
• d. SPURRED REBUILDING OF U.S.
• NAVY BY 1898

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4. CHRISTIAN "BURDEN"

• a. MISSIONARIES
• b. RESPONSIBILITY TO SPREAD
• THE WORD
• c. Josiah Strong our brothers keeper
• Anglo-Saxon represented civil
  liberty
• and pure spiritual Christianity
  1885
• OUR COUNTRY ITS POSSIBLE FUTURE
• AND PRESENT CRISIS

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5. SOCIAL DARWINISM

• a. RESP. TO RULE THE LESS
• DEVELOPED NATIONS
• Darwin THE DESCENT OF MAN, 1871
• The Preservation of Favoured Races in the
  Struggle for Life subtitle for ORIGIN OF
  SPECIES
• b. BESTOW DEMOCRACY ON THE
• WORLD

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Charles Darwin The Descent of Man 1871

• Charles Darwin The Descent of Man 1871
• There is apparently much truth in the belief
  that the wonderful progress of the United States,
  as well as the character of the people, are the
  results of natural selection.

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c. Worldly view of Manifest Destiny

• We ourselves are becoming, owing to our strength
  and geographical situation, more and more the
  balance of power of the whole world. TR, 1910

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John Fiske

• American Political Ideas 1885
• stressed the superior character of
  Anglo-Saxon institutions and peoples.
• The English race was destined to dominate
  the globe in the institutions, traditions,
  language, even in the blood of the worlds
  peoples

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B. NEW EXPANSIONISM

• 1. 1866 - U.S. PUSHED NAPOLEON III'S PUPPET OUT
  OF MEXICO
• 2. 1867 - U.S. PURCHASED ALASKA
• a. 7.2M
• b. "SEWARD'S FOLLY"

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3. 1870-1880'S - CANADA

• a. SEWARD - "NATURE DESIGNS
• CANADA TO BE PART OF U.S."
• b. JINGOES - T. ROOSEVELT, LODGE,
• BLAINE
• - EXPANSIONIST POLICY SERVED NATIONAL
  INTERESTS

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4. 1854 - JAPAN

• - COMMODORE PERRY FORCED TRADE
  AGREEMENTS

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5. 1899 - SAMOA

• DIVIDED BETWEEN GERMANY U.S.

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6. HAWAII

• a. 1790'S - NEW ENGLAND TRADERS
• b. 1820'S - YANKEE MISSIONARIES
• c. 1840'S - WHALING SHIPS
• d. 1850'S - SUGAR CANE PLANTATIONS
• e. 1875 - RECIPROCITY TREATY
• - DUTY FREE ON HAWAIIAN SUGAR AND
  AMERICAN GOODS

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Hawaii (Cont.) 23-2

• f. 1887 - U.S. TREATY FOR EXCLUSIVE USE OF
  PEARL HARBOR
• BAYONNET CONSTITUTION - U.S. BUSINESSMEN
  OVERTHROW KING KALAKAUA
• 1890 - MCKINLEY TARIFF REMOVED TARIFFS ON ALL
  SUGAR

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g. 1893 - QUEEN LILIUOKALANI OVERTHROWN

• CLEVELAND REFUSED TO RATIFY TREATY OF ANNEXATION
• Businessmen, not Hawaiians wanted annexation

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h. 1894 - REPUBLIC OF HAWAII

• SANFORD P. DOLE, PRESIDENT
• 1898 - HAWAII ANNEXED BY JOINT RESOLUTION OF
  CONGRESS
• 1959 - HAWAII BECAME 50TH STATE

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Imperialisim- 19th century

• Rule of an empire or nation over foreign
  countries,
• Acquiring colonies

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Imperialists

• Mahan, T. Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge
• Reasons to spread democracy
• - to rule the less fit (Social
  Darwinism)
• - to open markets
• - to protect from European powers

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Anti-Imperialist League

• Major reasons for opposing imperialism
• Democratic Reasons- Self rule
• Racist reasons - Southerners
• Economic reasons cheap labor that competed with
  U.S. labor

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Anti Imperialists

• William James
• Mark Twain
• Andrew Carnegie
• William Jennings Bryan
• Grover Cleveland

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7. SOUTH AMERICA - MONROE DOCTRINE

• a. BRITISH GUIANA VENEZUELA BOUNDARY
  DISPUTE
• - 1887-1895
• - DISCOVERY OF GOLD ON BORDER
• b. VENEZUELA DEBT DISPUTE - 1902 - 1903
• - GERMANS ITALIANS BLOCKADED HARBOR
• - IGNORED MONROE DOCTRINE
• - T. ROOSEVELT ARBITRATE
• - Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

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C. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
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Spanish American War
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1. BACKGROUND CAUSES

• a. CUBAN REBELLION AGAINST SPAIN - 1868-78
• - FREE THE SLAVES
• - SELF GOVERNMENT
• - SPAIN REFUSED AND MADE CUBA PAY FOR
  REBELLION
• b. EUROPEAN AMERICAN INVESTMENT IN CUBAN
  SUGAR CANE
• - 1884 - NO AMERICAN DUTY - PRODUCTION
  BOOMED
• - EUROPEAN BEET SUGAR CAUSED PRICES TO FALL

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- 1890'S DEPRESSION

• - 1894 - WILSON-GORMAN TARIFF
• 40 DUTY ON RAW SUGAR
• 1895 - FURTHER REVOLT AGAINST SPAIN

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2. IMMEDIATE CAUSES
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a. "YELLOW JOURNALISM"

• - PULITZER HEARST
• - SENSATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF SPANISH ATROCITIES

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b. CLEVELAND OPPOSES WAR

• TR supports war
• To free Cuba and expel Spain from this
  hemisphere
• the benefit done to our people by giving them
  something to think about that isnt material
  gain
• because the army and navy needed the practice

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c. 1896 - MCKINLEY ELECTED

• Opposed to war
• Our trade has suffered, the capital invested by
  our citizens in Cuba has been largely lostThe
  forcible intervention of the United States as a
  neutral to stop the war, according to the large
  dictates of humanityis justifiable on rational
  grounds. April 11, 1898

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d. 1898 - WAR FEVER REACHES PEAK

• - DUPUY DE LOME LETTER
• - HEARST PRINTED LETTER
• - BATTLESHIP MAINE BLOWS UP IN HAVANA
  HARBOR - (Feb)
• - Approx. 300 KILLED
• - SPANISH WERE BLAMED - "REMEMBER THE
  MAINE"

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- ASST. SEC. OF NAVY ROOSEVELT ORDERS
COMMODORE DEWEY TO

• TAKE "OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS" IN
  PHILIPPINES IN EVENT OF WAR WITH SPAIN
• RESIGNS NAVY TO FORM ROUGH RIDERS FIRST UNITED
  STATES VOLUNTEER CAVALRY

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- AUGUST - WAR ENDS

• - 5,462 DEAD
• - 379 IN COMBAT

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e. TELLER AMENDMENT

• APRIL 20 - CONGRESS DECLARED CUBA FREE
  INDEPENDENT
• DEMANDED SPAIN WITHDRAW
• AUTHORIZED PRES. TO USE MILITARY FORCE
• ADOPTED TELLER AMENDMENT DISCLAIMING ANY
  INTENTION TO ANNEX CUBA

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- 1902 - ADOPTED PLATT AMENDMENT

• LIMITED CUBA'S INDEPENDENCE
• PERMITTED U.S. TO INTERVENE TO PROTECT LIFE,
  LIBERTY AND PROPERTY
• GAVE U.S. GUANTANAMO NAVAL BASE
• 1934 CANCELLED PLATT
• 1959 - CASTRO TAKES OVER IN CUBA

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3. RESULTS OF SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

• a. FINAL TREATY
• - FREEDOM FOR CUBA
• - U.S. PAID 20M FOR PHILIPPINES
• - U.S. GOT PUERTO RICO GUAM

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b. DEBATE OVER STATUS OF FILIPINOS

• - ANIT-IMPERIALISTS - CLEVELAND, BRYAN,
  CARNEGIE, GOMPERS, TWAIN, SOUTHERN SENATORS
• OPPOSED ACQUIRING COLONIES (DEMOCRACY)
• OPPOSED FOR RACIAL REASONS
• OPPOSED FOR LABOR REASONS

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- IMPERIALISTS -

• JINGOES - T. ROOSEVELT, MCKINLEY
• CARRYING CIVILIZATION TO WASTE PLACES
• PROTECT FROM OTHERS TAKING OVER
• SOCIAL DARWINISM
• CHRISTIAN BURDEN
• MARKETS WORLD POWER STATUS

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c. 1934 - TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT

• PROVIDED INDEPENDENCE AFTER 10 YEARS
• JULY 4, 1946 - PHILIPPINES GOT INDEPENDENCE

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Compare Causes of Spanish American War with War
in Iraq 2004

• Causes Economic? Humanitarian? Democratic?
• Who supported the war?
• Who opposed the war?
• Results? Cuba?
• Expected Results in Iraq?

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D. CHINA OPEN DOOR POLICY

• 1. HAY - SEC OF STATE SENT "OPEN DOOR NOTES"
• a. SPHERES OF INFLUENCE - GERMANY, FRANCE,
  BRITAIN, RUSSIA, JAPAN
• b. "NO NATION TO INTERFERE WITH TRADING
  RIGHTS OF OTHERS"
• c. EUROPEANS REFUSE
• d. HAY ANNOUNCES ACCEPTANCE

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2. BOXER REBELLION 1900

• a. "ORDER OF LITERARY PATRIOTIC HARMONIOUS
  FISTS
• China vs. Western Powers in China
• b. U.S. BRITAIN PREVENTED OTHERS FROM
  RETALIATING
• THUS GAINED INFLUENCE IN CHINA
• c. U.S. GOT 25M INDEMNITY - USED 11M TO
  EDUCATE CHINESE IN US

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E. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR - 1904-1905

• 1. T. ROOSEVELT NEGOTIATED PEACE
• a. JAPAN DENIED LARGE INDEMNITY
• b. TR WON NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
• c. Japans special economic interests in
• Korea were recognized by Russia
• d. Russia and Japan agreed to evacuate
• Manchuria

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Taft-Katsura Agreement - 1905

• U.S. accepted Japanese control of Korea
• Japan disavowed any designs on the Philippines

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Root-Takahira Agreement 1908

• Both U.S. and Japan endorsed status quo
• Both U.S. and Japan promised to respect the
  others possessions
• Both promised to reinforce the Open Door Policy
  in China

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2. FEAR OF JAPAN AS WORLD POWER

• a. 1906 - SAN FRANCISCO SCHOOL BOARD PUT
  JAPANESE IN SEPARATE SCHOOL
• b. ROOSEVELT OPPOSED AND GOT REVERSAL
• c. 1907 - GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT
• - JAPAN PROMISED TO ISSUE
• NO NEW PASSPORTS TO WORKERS
• d. TR WANTED A STRONG JAPAN TO BALANCE
  RUSSIAN POWER IN ASIA

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F. PANAMA CANAL

• 1. BACKGROUND
• a. PANAMA - PART OF COLUMBIA BUT SEPARATED BY
  JUNGLE
• b. 1846 - AMERICA HAD RIGHT TO INTERVENE TO
  PROTECT ISTHMUS
• c. 1850 - CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY - U.S.
  G.BRITAIN EQUAL RIGHTS
• d. 1877 - FRENCH HAD SPENT 300M AND 20,000
  LIVES
• e. 1901 - HAY- PAUNCEFOTE TREATY - US RIGHT
  TO BUILD CANAL

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2. US. CHOSE PANAMA ROUTE OVER NICARAGUA

• a. US OFFERED COLUMBIA 10M, 250,000 ANNUAL
  PAYMENT IN HAY-HERRAN TREATY - COLUMBIA
  WANTED 25M
• b. TR SUPPORTED PANAMA REVOLUTION - USED
  MARINES
• those contemptible little creatures TR
• no taint of legality about it U.S. Atty Gen
• c. US GAVE PANAMA 10M, 250,000 ANNUAL
  PAYMENT
• d. 1914 CANAL OPENED
• e. WILSON APOLOGIZED TO COLUMBIA - OFFERED
  25M
• f. 1921 - APOLOGY DELETED BUT TREATY PASSED US
  SENATE

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CARIBBEAN

• 1. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO MONROE DOCTRINE 1904
  Big Stick Diplomacy
• a. IN EVENT OF WRONGDOING IN LATIN AMERICA THAT
  REQUIRED
• OUTSIDE INTERVENTION, US WOULD EXERCISE
  INTERNATIONAL
• POLICE POWER.
• b. 1905 - DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
• c. 1906-09 - CUBA
• d. 1909-23 - NICARAGUA - TAFT SENT IN MARINES

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2. MEXICO - 1914 - 1917

• a. WILSON REFUSED TO RECOGNIZE HUERTA GOVT.
• b. WILSON SENT GEN JOHN J. PERSHING AGAINST
  PANCHO VILLA
• c. CREATED DISTRUST OF MEXICO FOR US
• d. RAISED FOREIGN POLICY QUESTION - SHOULD US
  JUDGE OTHER
• COUNTRIES GOVERNMENTS?
• e. "MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY

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US Foreign Policy 1898-1914

• Beginning with U.S. involvement in acquiring
  Hawaii and intervening in the Spanish-American
  War, the U.S. was engaged in an expansionist
  foreign policy. For reasons of spreading
  democracy and advancing economic investment and
  trade, the U.S. became involved in areas from the
  Caribbean to China.