PIA 2528

1
PIA 2528

• Local Government, Governance and Civil Society

2
Governance, an Overview of Issues

• Basic Terms The Environment of Development
  (Review)
• Governance
• Manner in which the state is created, modified or
  overthrown
• Local Government
• Primary unit of government that has both
  political leadership and bureaucratic structures
• Civil Society
• Associations and organizations that are beyond
  the clan and the family and short of the state
  (does not include state organs or for profit
  sector)

3
Institutional Legacy- Discussion Harrison and
Huntington, Culture Matters

• Verona Benjamin
• Ida Bormentar
• Ali Ashraf
• Stephenie Schell
• Lindsay Wood
• Anh Ninh
• Sarah Tylka
• Chunrong Chen
• Laura Meixell (Questions to Panel)

4
Institutional Legacy

• Richard Reeves, Peshawar
• Stephanie Schell, Laura Meixell
• Stanley Karnow, Vietnam, Philipines
• Chunrong Chen, Stephenie Schell
• Graham Greene, Lawless Roads
• Sarah Tilka, Ali Ashraf, Anh Ninh
• Picard, Various
• Verona Benjamin, Ida Bormentar, Lindsay Wood,
  Sarah Tilka

5
The Nature of Local Government

• Part of the Institutional State
• Based on Devolution of Authority
• Defines Participation
• Links Governance to Civil Society

6
Forms of Local Government

• Concept Transfer of authority to a lower level
  of government
• Intermediate Government (s)
• Primary Unit of Government Lowest level that
  carries a bureaucracy with it

7
Historical Legacy

• Imperial and Colonial Impact The Dilemma of the
  Local State

8
Theme Institutional Development and History of
State Civil Society

• Allen, Plain Tales, and Dark Continent
• Orwell, Burmese Days
• Lindsay Wood
• Sara Tilka
• Stephenie Schell
• Ali Ashraf
• Laura Meixell

9
French Colonial System
French National Assembly (Nominal African Reps)
Ministry of Overseas Affairs
Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar)
Governor (Guinea- Conakry)
Commandant
District Chief
Sub-Chief
10
British Colonial System
Parliament (No Rep.)
Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) or
India
Governor / High Commissioner
Regional / Divisional Commissioner
District Commissioner
District Officer
Chief
Sub-Chief
Headman
Governor-General / High Commissioner with
Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland,
Basutoland and Swaziland under Dominions Office
11
Reformed British Administration
Prime Minister (UK)
Colonial Office
London
Parliament
Dar es Salaam
EXECO
LEGCO
Governor / Governor Secretary
Secretariat
MED
WORKS
EDUC
AGRIC
Kilimanjaro Province
PEO
Provincial Commissioner
DEO
Para-Chief
District Commissioner
Moshi
Sub-Chief
Headmen
SAA MOJA Village
12
Traditional Administration Governance
Traditional Systems Parallel Rule
National Systems
Paramount Chief (King)
Advisors (Native Councils)
Sub-Chiefs
Village Meeting Place
Headmen
Judicial System
13
Traditional Administration Governance
Traditional Systems Parallel Rule
Imperial Systems
King
Kings Representative
Chief
Inner Council
Outer Council
Meeting Place
Judicial System
Kings Representative
Sub-Chief
14
Traditional Administration Governance
Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule

• Assimilation replacement of traditional
  authorities by soldiers
• Chief as government official
• Façade of Direct Rule
• Grassroots similarity

• Indirect Rule and Tribal Administration
• Legal / Rational Model
• Modification of Tradition
• Training of tribal administrator

15
Coffee Break

• Fifteen Minutes

16
Historical Legacy

1. General Patterns Linked to Cultural
   Sub-Nationalism
2. Unique Cultural Patterns Differ from Region to
   Region (eg. Middle East Religious Parallel
   Governance Organizations
3. What are the Universals of Local Governance

17
Governance and Civil Society

• Wenfu- Peddlers Family
• Chunwrong Chen
• Ali Ashraf
• Lindsay Wood
• Isabel Allenda- Clarissa
• Anh Ninh

18
The Nature of the Municipality

• The Primary Unit of Government
• Anglo-American- Town separate from country
  (County)
• Continental Europe- Integration of Town and
  County
• One of these two patterns exported overseas

19
What Local Government Does- Basic Services

• Primary Roads
• Water
• Waste Removal
• Primary Education
• Basic Health
• Basic Energy Supplies

20
Services Depend Upon-

1. Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user fees and
   transfers
2. Planning- strategic priorities
3. Managing- implementation
4. Personnel- Access to skilled professionals
5. Community Trust

21
Distinctions

• Local state vs. Local Government
• Functional vs. Territorial Control
• Devolution- Urban vs. Rural
• Subsidiarity-
• higher units should not do what can be done by
  lower units

22
Has local Government Failed?

• Implementation and Administrative P roblems
• Skills Shortages
• Absence of Revenue
• The Need for Institutional Training
• International Donors and the Training Agenda

23
Has local Government Failed?

• Failure to make a Needs Assessment
• Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of
  Thought
• Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Needs

24
Local Government and Development?

• How Developmental Is Local Government
• We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in
  light of Case Histories Readings.

25
Decentralization Issues

• 1. Democracy and decentralization
• 2. Critiques of indirect Democracy
• 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs
  dangerous?)
• 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional
  conflict- the dangers of decentralization

26
Decentralization Issues

• 5. The dichotomy Communal/municipal models vs.
  urban/rural governance towns and counties.
  Problem of urban bias
• 6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues
• a. financial limitations
• b. local government staff "bush postings."
• c. community distrust

27
Specialized Developmental Functions

• Planning and Land Use Patterns
• Issues- Ownership and distribution.
• Land- its use and access to water. At the core
  of grass roots development in the rural areas

28
Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• Break into Groups for Fifteen Minutes
• Identify FOUR regional patterns of
  Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance
  and Civil Society
• Identify the (reading) source of pattern

29
Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• Southeast (and South) Asia
• Lindsay Martin Wood
• Chunrong Chen

30
Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• South Asia
• Ali Ashraf
• Laura Meixell
• Stephanie Schell

31
Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• Central America and the Caribbean
• Verona Benjamin
• Anh Ninh

32
Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• Africa
• Ida Bomentar
• Sarah Tylka

33
Summary Discussion

• What if anything have we learned about
  Governance, Local Government and Civil Society?