Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 8 The U.S. Navy and American Imperialism,
  1898-1914

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Learning Objectives

• Know the influence of the mass media in U.S.
  relations with Spain and the effect of the
  destruction of the U.S.S. Maine on public
  opinion.
• Comprehend the impact of Mahanian doctrine on the
  naval strategy and thinking in preparation for
  and conduct of the war.
• Comprehend the reasons for the acceleration of
  U.S. Navy expansion following the war with Spain.
  

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Learning Objectives

• Know the effect of the Progressive Era in
  domestic politics on the Navy.
• Comprehend the threats and resultant actions
  taken by the U.S. concerning activities in the
  Pacific and Caribbean during the period 1900-1914.

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The Spanish-American War
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Causes

• Decreased isolationism in U.S. public and
  Congress
• Cuban Revolution (1895-1898)
• U.S. investments threatened
• Spanish authorities commit atrocities against
  Cuban civilians
• Sympathetic to Cubans

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The Fuze

• USS Maine Explosion - February 1898
• Havana, Cuba.
• Mission protect U.S. citizens and property.
• U.S. public angered - blame placed on Spain.
• Free Cuba!
• Remember the Maine!
• President William McKinley
• Congress declares war on Spain -- April 1898.

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USS MaineHavana, Cuba February 1898
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Fighting the War

• Geography
• Spanish Empire- Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines,
  Guam
• U.S. strategic interests
• Panama Canal, Hawaii
• U.S forces
• Atlantic Sampson/Schley
• Asiatic Dewey (China/Japan)

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President William McKinley
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Naval Orders of Battle

• United States
• North Atlantic Squadron
• Sampson based in Key West.
• Schleys Flying Squadron in Norfolk.
• USS Oregon sent from Pacific to Atlantic.
• Asiatic Squadron
• Commanded by Commodore George Dewey at Hong Kong.
• Sent by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore
  Roosevelt.
• Spain
• Inferior naval forces.
• Montojo - Manila Bay
• Cervera - Cape Verde Islands

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Fighting the War

• Cuba
• Blockade of Santiago harbor (1 May)
• Amphibious landing at Daiquiri (June 20)
• Destruction of Ceveras Fleet (July 3)
• Sampson/Schley command controversy
• Naval Results

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Rear AdmiralWilliam T.SampsonCommanderNorth
Atlantic Squadron
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Rear AdmiralWinfield ScottSchleyCommanderNor
th AtlanticFlying SquadronSpanish-AmericanWar
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AdmiralPascual Cervera

• Commander
• Spanish Fleet
• Battle of Santiago de Cuba

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Battle of Santiago

• American blockade of Santiago Harbor.
• Guantanamo Bay seized by Huntingtons battalion
  of Marines.
• Amphibious landing at Daiquiri.
• Confusion between Army and Navy Shafter and
  Sampson.
• Rough Riders Teddy Roosevelt.
• Leads charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill.
• Spanish governor orders fleet to flee harbor - 1
  July 1898.
• Sampson / Schley command controversy.
• Results and lessons
• Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the
  Philippines
• U.S. technological superiority overwhelms
  Spanish.
• U.S. becomes dominant power in the Caribbean Sea.
• Improvement needed in fire control and amphibious
  doctrine.

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TheRough Riders

• Battle of San Juan Hill
• 1 July 1898

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Teddy Roosevelt
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Rough Riders
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USS Oregon Battle of Santiago
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Battle of Santiago
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Fighting the War

• Pacific
• Philippines Phase I
• Deweys Descent
• Spanish Fleet sunk at anchor
• Dewey national Hero
• Siege of Manila

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CommodoreGeorgeDeweyCommanderU.S. Asiatic
SquadronSpanish-American War
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AdmiralDon PatricioMontojo

• Commander
• Spanish Fleet
• Battle of Manila Bay

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Battle of Manila Bay1 May 1898

• U.S. Asiatic Fleet sails from Hong Kong to
  Manila.
• Dewey orders increased training and gunnery
  practice.
• Spanish use shore guns to augment anchored fleet.
• Dewey You may fire when you are ready,
  Gridley.
• Spanish fleet sunk at anchor.
• Superior American gunnery.
• Dewey becomes a national hero.
• Siege of Manila follows with Army troops.
• War against Aguinaldo's Philippine Nationalists.
• Philippine Insurrection or Filipino-American War-
  1899-1902.
• U.S. establishes control of entire Philippine
  Archipelago.

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Battle of Manila Bay
Philippines
. MANILA
Manila
Manila Bay
Dewey from Hong Kong
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Battle of Manila Bay
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BattleofManila BayYou may fire when ready,
Gridley.
- Commodore George Dewey
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CaptainCharles V.GridleyCommandingOfficerUS
S OlympiaBattleofManila Bay
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Battle of Manila Bay
1 May 1898
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CommodoreGeorge DeweyBattle of Manila Bay
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Battle of Manila Bay
Deweys Flagship
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Fighting the War

• Pacific
• Philippines Phase I
• Deweys Descent
• Spanish Fleet sunk at anchor
• Dewey national Hero
• Siege of Manila
• Other islands- Wake seized, Guam seized, Hawaii
  annexed
• Philippines Phase II
• War against Philippine Nationalists
• U.S. bogged down

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U.S. Empire Established

• From Spain in 1898
• Puerto Rico
• Guam
• Philippines
• Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba
• (Spain sells other island territories in the
  Pacific to the German Empire in 1899.)
• Formerly Independent
• Hawaii (Annexed 1898)
• Wake Island - 1899
• American Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago) - 1899

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American Pacific TerritoriesCoaling Stations for
Ships
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U.S. Navy after the War

• Battle Ships principle warship
• Mahan's advocacy of fleet engagements vindicated.
• Commerce raiding discredited.
• Construction programs to be completed by 1905
• 10 first-rate battleships.
• 4 armored cruisers.
• Global empire yields
• Overseas bases.
• Expanded obligations to protect overseas
  interests.
• Dewey heads new Navy General Board.
• First U.S. peacetime strategic planning
  apparatus.
• Missions are to devise war plans and assess
  foreign navies capabilities.

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Progressive Era Politics (1901-1914)

• Strong Presidents
• Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and
  Woodrow Wilson.
• Republican Congress funds battleships and canal
  construction.
• Large increases in federal budget.
• Large increase in percentage of federal budget
  for Department of the Navy.
• Dewey and General Board
• Access to Secretary of the Navy and / or the
  President on a regular basis due to increased
  importance of the Navy.

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Prewar International Concerns1900-1914

• Expanding Interests of Germany, U.S. attention to
  Caribbean
• Expanding Interests of Japan, U.S. attention in
  Pacific

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The Caribbean

• Threat Germany
• U.S. has stake in Caribbean
• Annexation of Puerto Rico
• Naval base in Cuba
• Germany has strong interest in Latin America
• Venezuela Crisis (1902)
• Germany wants base there
• Germany (plus Britain, Italy) blockades to
  recover from default on 12.5 million loan

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Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

• Caribbean Sea
• Vital defense of the U.S. - Navy protects access
  to Panama Canal.
• European relations with Latin America.
• Venezuela Crisis (1902) demonstrates need for
  U.S. to ensure European powers need not intervene
  in Western Hemisphere.

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The Big Stick

• Theodore Roosevelt (December 1904)
• U.S. obligated in flagrant cases of wrong-doing
  or impotence (in Latin America) to the exercise
  of an international police power.
• Constant interventions by Navy and Marines
• Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic.
• Cuba - Platt Amendment.
• Vera Cruz, Mexico.
• Yankee Imperialism despised by many Latin
  Americans.

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Panama Canal

• Renewed U.S. desire for canal in Central America.
• Link between Atlantic and Pacific Fleets.
• Need for the canal is highlighted by USS Oregons
  long transit to the Battle of Santiago.
• Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt.
• Essentially Mahanian

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Panama Canal

• Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903.
• Engineered and influenced by U.S.
• Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S.
• Construction of the canal begins in 1904.
• Completed in 1914.
• Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean
  Sea.
• Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of
  the U.S.

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U.S. Interests in the Far East

• War Plan Orange
• U.S. Navy plan for war with Japan.
• Defense of the Philippines and defeat of the
  Japanese Navy.

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The Open Door

• U.S. Open Door policy in China
• Policy has two aspects.
• (1) Ensure territorial integrity of China.
• (2) Ensure free trade in China for all countries.
• Chinas Boxer Rebellion - 1900
• U.S. Marine Regiment attached to U.S. Army force
  protecting Westerners.
• Counter European and Japanese attempts at
  spheres of influence.
• Yangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect
  American commerce.

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The Rise of Japanese Sea Power
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Opening and Modernization

• Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854
• Treaty of Kanagawa
• European powers quickly follow U.S. lead.
• Meiji Restoration - 1868
• End of Tokugawa Shogunates feudal system.
• Emperor restored to power.
• Increased trade with the West.
• Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces.
• Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands.
• Japanese Navy
• From the Age of Galleys directly to the Modern
  Age.
• Skips entirely the Age of Sail.

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Sino-Japanese War1894-95

• Conflict with China
• Ryukus
• Taiwan
• Korea
• Japanese make a surprise first strike.
• Prior to declaration of war.
• Battle of the Yalu
• Chinese fleet takes V formation.
• Japanese divide fleet into two squadrons.
• Outcome Expansion of Japanese Empire in East
  Asia.
• Korea
• Taiwan (Formosa) and Pescadores
• Port Arthur

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Battle of the Yalu - 17 September 1894
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AdmiralHeihachiro Togo
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Russo-Japanese War 1904-05

• Japan forced to withdraw from Korea and Port
  Arthur
• Russian Expansion into the Far East
• Trans-Siberian Railway
• Chinese allow Russian construction through
  Manchuria.
• Russian Naval Base at Vladivostok
• Port Arthur and Manchuria
• Occupied by Russian forces.
• Korea threatened.
• Anglo-Japanese Alliance - 1902
• Attempt by Japan to keep European powers out of
  the war.
• Japanese strike first again.
• Battle of the Yellow Sea.

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Russian Warships
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Russian Battleship Navarin
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Japanese Battleship Mikasa
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Japanese Battleship Asahi
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Japanese Battleship Shikishima
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Japanese Armored Cruiser Yakuma
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Balance of Power

• Japan
• Disadvantages
• Number of Troops
• Fleet Strength
• Natural Resources
• Advantages
• Strategic Center
• Multiple Naval Bases
• First Strike

• Russia
• Advantages
• Number of Troops
• Fleet Strength
• Natural Resources
• Disadvantages
• Division of Forces
• Three Fleets
• Lines of Communication
• Trans-Siberian RR
• Initial Defensive Strategy

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Battle of Tsushima Strait

• Baltic Fleet commanded by Admiral Zinovi
  Rozhestvenski.
• Transit to Vladivostok.
• Protection of supply ships.
• Vice Admiral Heihachiro Togo
• Togo Crosses the T -- Decisive Japanese
  victory.
• Lessons learned
• Rear Admiral Nebogatov - Surrender not an option.
• Heavy armor and guns.
• Semi-independent divisions.
• Dividing the fleet.
• Treaty of Portsmouth - President Theodore
  Roosevelt
• Port Arthur and Southern Sakhalin ceded to Japan.
• Japan becomes the dominant power in the Far East.

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Increases in U.S. Naval Power

• By 1898
• 4 1st Class Battleships Indiana, Massachusetts,
  Oregon, and Iowa.
• 2 2nd Class Battleships Texas and Maine.
• 2 Armored Cruisers.
• 10 Protected Cruisers.
• Gunboats, Monitors, Torpedo Boats.
• Modern technology in the fleet
• Steam, armor, and rifled breech-loading guns.

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PresidentTheodore RooseveltandRear
AdmiralRobley D. Fighting Bob EvansPrior to
the sailing of the Great White Fleet - 1907.
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The Great White Fleet
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Route of the Great White Fleet 1907-08
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Technology Improvements

• Improved gunnery
• Smokeless powder.
• HMS Dreadnought - 1907
• First all big-gun battleship launched by Great
  Britain.
• Makes all other battleships obsolete.
• Battle Cruisers
• Same armament as dreadnoughts but less armor.
• Faster speeds.
• Destroyers - Vital part of fleet - protection
  from torpedoes.
• Submarines
• USS Holland - 1900
• Diesel engines developed allow greater
  maneuverability.
• Radios - Improved communications.

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HMS Dreadnought - First all big gun
Battleship. - Eight 12-inch guns.
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HMS Dreadnought
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HMS Dreadnought
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Wright Brothers

• Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
• 17 December 1903

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Eugene Ely

• USS Birmingham (CL 2)
• 14 November 1910

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How it all Started!!!
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Dawn of Naval Aviation

• Wright Brothers -- Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
  1903
• Eugene Ely
• First flight of an aircraft from a ship in 1910.
• First landing of an aircraft on a ship in 1911.
• Glenn Curtiss - First seaplane landing - 1911.
• Lieutenant Spuds Ellyson Naval Aviator 1.
• Royal Navy in a similar stage of development in
  aviation.

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Dawn of Naval Aviation

• Birthday of Naval Aviation 8 May 1911.
• U.S. Navy purchases two Curtiss biplanes.
• Office of Naval Aeronautics established in 1914.
• Early naval aviation missions
• Scouting location of the enemy fleet.
• Directing naval gunfire.

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Discussion
Next time The U.S. Navy and World War I,
1914-1918