Civil Rights

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Civil Rights

• 1950s 60s

Moroccan Holiday 1997, Faith Ringgold, African
American, 1930-
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The 1950s
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The 1950s

• 1954 Brown case
• Thurgood Marshall
• Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
• Separate can never be equal
• 1957Little Rock Central attempts to integrate

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The 1950s

• 1955Rosa Parks
• NAACP member
• Begins Montgomery bus boycott
• Makes Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. leader of Civil
  Rights movement
• Victory for community

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The 1960s

• 1960JFK elected
• New Frontiers
• Appointed Thurgood Marshall to Court of Appeals
• Elected with 70 black vote
• Proposed Civil Rights Act 1964

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The 1960s

• 1960 Civil Rights Commission reports
• 57 African Americans live in unacceptable
  housing
• Life expectancy 7 yrs less than whites
• Infant mortality rate 2X white rate
• 4. Mortgage money for African Americans non
  existent and most neighborhoods were white only

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The 1960s

• Greensboro, NC
• Sit ins Woolworth lunch counter
• SNCC formed
• Shaw University
• Young African-Americans have place in movement

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The 1960s

• 1961
• Freedom Rides in South
• Register voters
• Sponsored by Congress on Racial Equality (CORE)
• Attacked by angry mobs in southern bus stations
• Mixed race group

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The 1960s

• 1962
• James Meredith attends Ole Miss
• Ross Barnett, gov. encourages riots
• JFK sends in troops federal marshals to restore
  order in riots
• Cost 4 million!

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The 1960s

• 1963, Alabama, same storyGeorge Wallace opposes,
  national guard used
• 2 African Americans admitted to Alabama

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The 1960s

• 1963
• MLK arrested in Birmingham
• Writes Letter from a Birmingham Jail
• Medgar Evans murdered
• March on Washington
• I have a dream speech

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The 1960s
1963 Black church in Birmingham bombedfour 11-14
year-old girls in Sunday School killed
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The 1960s

• 1964
• 24th amendment to constitution strikes blow for
  voting rights
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed by LBJ
• Very committed to Civil Rights War on Poverty

The Great SocietyLBJs social program
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The 1960s

• 1965
• Voting rights act
• King march to Selma, AL, gassed beaten on order
  of Wallace
• Riots of summer

Riots continue 1966-1968
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The 1960s

• Civil Rights Act 1964
• No discrimination In public accommodations
• No distinctions in voting qualifications

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The 1960s

• 1964 Malcolm X murdered
• Organization of Afro-American Unity
• Black Muslims
• He had converted to Islam

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The 1960s

• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Made it easier for anyone to register to vote
• All literacy tests and other restrictions made
  illegal
• LBJ also issues executive order for affirmative
  action

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The 1960s

• 1968 Memphis, TN
• MLK arrived to support black sanitation workers
  strike
• April 3, gave his Mountaintop speech
• 6 pm, April 4, balcony at Lorraine Motel, shot
• Riots 60 cities around nation

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The 1960s

• 1968 Fair Housing Act
• Illegal to deny rental or sale of real estate on
  basis race
• Cannot advertise and indicate a racial preference
• Crime to intimidate or coerce people not to move
  in basis race

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Supreme Court

• Earl Warren, Chief Justice, Eisenhower
  appointment
• Warren Court very activist Court
• Use Court to broaden civil rights for Americans
• Ensure that the Bill of Rights spoke for all
  people

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Some Important Warren Court Cases

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
• Mapp v . Ohio (1961)
• Baker v. Carr (1962)
• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
• Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
• Loving v. Virginia (1967)

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The 1970s

• 197126th amendment ratified Communist China
  admitted to UN
• 1972Nixon visits China Nixon reelected
  (Watergate break-in) SALT treaty with USSR
  signed
• 1973 Roe v. Wade VP Spiro Agnew resigns
  following criminal charges of tax evasion
• 1974Nixon forced to resign over Watergate
  Gerald Ford became president (appointed after
  Agnews resignation)

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1970
1977
1972
1975
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Thanks for a Great Semester!