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Title: FONDS REGIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA CEDEAO ( FRDC)


1
Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation of
greenhouse gas emissions Change in land
utilization Comparative life-cycle analysis.
São Paulo, 17th-21st November 2008
2
Summary
Part 1 AFRICA AND CLIMATE CHANGE I. Current
situation II. Projections III. Some solutions
proposed Part 2 PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS A
CREDIBLE ALTERNATIVE IN COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE
I. Biofuels and Africa II.
Jatropha a solution to the problem of climate
change? Part 3 MONITORING OF THE IMPACT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE I. Climate
change, economic risk II.
Space applications Part 4 SUCCESS STORY IN
WEST AFRICA THE EXAMPLE OF GHANA
I. Current situation II.
Projections III. Objectives of the
Project IV. Contribution of the
project to combating climate change Part 5
AFRICAN BIOFUELS END RENEXABLE ENERGY FUND
(ABREF) I. Objectives of the Fund
II. Fund Size III. Category
of shares IV. Biofuel projects in
Pipeline CONCLUSION
3
Part 1 Africa and climate change
4
I. Current situation
  • The Third Assessment Report of the
    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC
    TAR) reports a warming of approximately 0.7C
    over most of Africa
  • Snow and Ice cover has decreased, and sea levels
    have risen by 10-20 cm (the Kilimandjaro has
    shrunk by over 70)
  • The average annual rate of change in total forest
    area for the whole Africa was estimated to be
    - 0.74, equivalent to the loss of more than
    5million ha of forest a year, an area roughly
    the size of Togo and the highest rate of any
    region (according to UNEP)
  • Some regions are particularly vulnerable to
    reduced precipitation. A significant part of the
    African continent is dry. The Climate trend is
    longer periods of drought, shorter periods of
    heavy rain. Arid, semi-arid and dry sub humid
    areas include those lands where the ratio of
    precipitation to potential evaporation ranges
    from 0.05 to 0.65. In Africa, these conditions
    affect 13 million Km² or 43 of the continents
    land area, where 270 million or 40 of the
    continents population live.
  • About 25 of Africas population (about 200
    million people) currently experience high water
    stress
  • The IPCC TAR concluded that Africa is very
    vulnerable to climate change given its low
    capacity to respond and adapt. However, Africa's
    contribution through greenhouse gas emissions is
    insignificant

5
I. Current situation
Current situation of arable land
6
I. Current situation
Current situation of land utilization
Of the 650 millions hectares of land very
suitable for agriculture only 200 million
hectares are currently being utilized
7
I. Current situation
8
I. Current situation
CO2 Emissions in Africa
Source UNEP
9
II. Projections
  • By the end of this century, global mean surface
    temperature is expected to increase between 1.5
    C and 6 C (Prof. dr. Paul Desanker, Global
    Environmental Change Program Africa)
  • Projected reductions in yield in some countries
    could be as much as 50 by 2020, and net
    revenues from crops could fall by as much as 90
    by 2100, with small-scale farmers being the most
    affected. This would adversely affect food
    security in the continent.
  • The population at risk of increased water stress
    in Africa is projected to be between 75-250
    million and 350-600 million people by the 2020s
    and 2050s, respectively
  • It is estimated that, by the 2080, the
    proportion of arid and semi-arid lands in Africa
    is likely to increase by 5-8 (60-90 million
    hectares).
  • About 5,000 African plant species will be
    adversely affected 81 to 97 reduction of in
    areas of suitable climateof the 5,197 African
    plants examined, 25-42 lose areas of suitable
    climate by 2085.
  • It is estimated that by 2080 there will be
    significant decrease in extents of suitable
    rain-fed land and production potential for
    cereals due to climate change.

10
Source UNEP
11
II. Projections
Agricultural areas within the livestock-only
systems in arid and semi-arid areas, and rain-fed
mixed crop/livestock systems in semi-arid areas,
are projected to undergo gt20 reduction in length
of growing period in 2050 (UNEP)
12
II. Projections
  • Cultivated land 1994-1996, potential land for
    most crops under the reference climate and the
    situation in 2080, all the figures are in
    millions of hectares (source   climate change
    and agriculture vulnerability )
  • TN  net total excluding forests and protected
    zones, it takes into account inhabited zones
  • FP  forêts et zones protégées
  • VS Very Suitable

13
  • Some solutions proposed
  • Introduction of crops such as hybrid crops, or
    plants capable of withstanding severe heat or
    drought
  • Diversification of the types of plants cultivated
    as well as increased use of genetically
    modifiable plants to fight against parasites.
  • The principle of crop rotation and land being
    kept fallow so as to avoid serious soil
    impoverishment, limiting soil erosion by
    developing new farm lands to compensate for those
    kept fallow.
  • Adoption of new varieties which are more
    resistant to climate change and whose yield is
    more than that of existing varieties.
  • Development of new technologies to combat soil
    erosion and desertification for example stopping
    the wind which is the most destructive factor in
    soil erosion
  • Adoption of measures to limit soil degradation,
    the phenomenon of sand-silting, wind and rain
    erosion

14
  • Some solutions proposed
  • Providing incentives for eco-efficient (cleaner)
    production and innovation
  • Taking active measures to stimulate sustainable
    consumption and production practices
  • Giving people a clear stake in the environment
    through legal and regulatory measures that
    define and recognize individual or community
    property and tenure rights
  • Creating opportunities for public involvement in
    decision-making on local environmental issues,
    and support community rights to own and care for
    the land their members inhabit and the resources
    they use
  • Giving civil society a more central role in
    environmental management by removing systemic
    barriers to participation, especially by women,
    indigenous peoples and youth, and give due
    attention to indigenous knowledge and coping
    strategies
  • Analyzing and reform market imbalances and
    imperfections, including decreasing the
    subsidies that allow prices to be held
    artificially below the costs of production and
    use for resources such as clean energy
  • Promoting the development of bio-fuels.

15
Part 2 Production of bio fuels - a credible
alternative in combatting climate change ?
16
I. Biofuels and Africa
Crops used to produce biofuels in West Africa
Legend Cassava Maize Jatropha Palm
Oil Sugar Cane Sugar Beet Sweet
Potatoes Sweet Sorghum Ricin
ECOWAS Economic Community Of West African States
17
I. Biofuels and Africa
CO2 emission mitigation
18
II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?
  • Impact on the soil
  • Jatropha grows on arid, semi arid and equatorial
    lands. It is a plant which is able to withstand
    any climatic condition and is very resistant to
    water stress. Minimum rainfall of 600 mm/annum
    suffices for the full growth of the plant.
    Jatropha can be intercropped with other food
    crops on lands hitherto considered unsuitable
    for agriculture.
  • Jatropha grows at 1000 metres above sea level.
    Thanks to its adaptation capacity it can grow in
    many countries in Africa.
  • The cultivation of Jatropha does not require
    preparation of land, seeding (since the lifespan
    of the tree is about fifty (50) years), use of
    pesticides or other polluting products ( thanks
    to its insecticidal and fungicidal qualities
    which reduce the quantity of nematodes in the
    soil). The major advantage that Jatropha enjoys
    is that it does not compete with food crops and
    adapts to arid or semi arid soil.

19
II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?
  • Jatropha tree has shallow spreading root system
    which makes the tree stable in the soil
    jatropha tree has lateral roots and thus cover
    considerable area of the soil the two properties
    combine to protect the soil against wind and
    water erosion.
  • The dried fruit hulls are combustible and can be
    used as substitute to firewood and thereby
    provide solution to the problem of deforestation
    in rural areas.
  • Agriculture
  • Thanks to its toxic substance whose odour repels
    animals, Jatropha is used by rural dwellers as
    hedge to demarcate parcels of land so as to avoid
    disputes between farmers and owners of
    livestock
  • The press cake of Jatropha decomposes very
    rapidly, thereby releasing the minerals that it
    contains the press cake is rich in Nitrogen
    (4.14) Phosphorous (0.5) and thus can be used
    as fertilizer and an important  improver  of
    soil.

20
II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?
  • If 3 of the surface area of Africa (that is 89.7
    million hectares) were to be used for the
    cultivation of Jatropha it would contribute
    immensely to slow down the desertification of the
    continent caused by climate change and also
    fetch billions of euros in revenue each year.
  • Energy
  • Jatropha seeds are rich in oil (30 to 37). Each
    matured plant can yield up to three (3) tons of
    seeds per annum.
  • The annual average oil yield of Jatropha is more
    than 2000 litres per hectare and it is even
    possible to obtain a yield which is 4 or 5 times
    higher (Colza yields 572 litres of oil per
    hectare per annum Sunflower 662
    litres/hectare/annum Soja 446
    litres/hectare/annum)
  • Jatropha oil is used for lighting in rural areas
    as substitute to kerosene which is not always
    available and whose smoke is toxic (lamps have
    been designed to use jatropha oil).

21
II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?
  • Source Peter Beerens, screw
    pressing of Jatropha seeds for fuelling purposes
    in less developped countries ,
  • Energy Technology, August 2007
  • Although it is less effective  than Gas oil
    (lower calorific value), Jatropha oil has
    generated a lot of interest given the high cost
    of crude oil
  • Jatropha oil can be more  effective  by either
    of the following methods
  • Adapting engines that run on pure vegetable oil
    with pre-heating kit
  • Adapting pure vegetable oil to engines that is
    trans-esterification of oil..

22
II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the benefits of Jatropha?
  • It is  better  in terms of CO2 emissions (the
    use of 1kg of bio fuel from Jatropha corresponds
    to 3kg reduction in CO2)
  • Also
  • Jatropha is used in the manufacture of general
    purpose soap and is therefore a source of income
    generating activity for women in rural
    communities.
  • Thanks to its numerous benefits, Jatropha plant
    is used in the preparation of traditional
    medicine ( its can be used in the preparation of
    laxative, in the treatment of worms, fever,
    Guinea worm, leprosy etc) the stem latex of
    jatropha is used to stop bleeding.

23
II. Jatropha a solution to the problem of
climate change?
What are the disadvantages of Jatropha?
  • Jatropha is not edible. The toxic nature of
    jatropha nut constitutes a serious risk
    (especially to children) 4 Jatropha nuts can
    kill a human being.
  • The smoke released during the burning of Jatropha
    oil (Jatropha oil lamp) is a powerful
    insecticide which is also dangerous to humans.
  • The cultivation of the plant is very labour
    intensive (during the harvesting of the fruit).
  • The best yield of the plant is obtained from rich
    soil (in traditional agricultural zones) and so
    it could compete with food crops for arable
    lands
  • Low yield from the plant could compel those who
    cultivate the plant to resort to mechanization
    which, in the long term, could destroy jobs.

24
Part 3 Monitoring of the impact of climate
change in Africa
25
I. Climate change, economic risk
Greenhouse gases T eq. CO2
Adverse impact on energy and agro-pastoral
sectors
Rise in temperature
Disruption of rainfall patterns
A phenomenon which is more rapid than
anticipated
Rise in sea levels
Impact
Health
Agriculture
Coastal zones
Water
Biodiversity
Forests
Direct damage to these sectors has increased
five-fold in 30 years
26
II. Space applications
Applications
Health
Agriculture
Coastal zones
Water
Forests
Energy
Cadastral survey
Geology, etc.
A map of our resources to enable development
planning
27
Part 4 Success story in West Africa The
example of Ghana
28
I. Current situation
  • The total land area of Ghana is 239,450 km² 1/3
    of which is under forest and the remaining 2/3
    is largely savannah.
  • The population of Ghana is estimated at 19
    million 69 of which live in rural areas. About
    9.5 million of the population constitutes the
    economical active labor force, 70 of which is
    engaged in agricultural and related activity.
  • About 13.4 million hectares of arable land of
    which about 20 is currently under cultivation.
  • The output of the hydroelectric dams has greatly
    reduced due to the low rainfall pattern.
  • The electrical energy from thermal plant is very
    expensive because the fuel is imported.
  • The current deforestation rate is about 22,000
    hectares (ha) per annum.
  • Only 20-30 of the population has access to
    health Care due to changes in crops production
    (malnutrition), climate variability (cholera).
  • Low productivity and poorly functioning markets
    for agricultural outputs due to lack the skills
    and inputs such as fertilizer and improved seeds
    that would increase yields.
  • Increasing population pressure leads to
    continuous cultivation in the densely inhabited
    Upper East region and a shorter fallow period in
    the Upper West region, causing further
    deterioration of the land.

29
II. Projections
  • UNEP (2002) has predicted that by 2050 rainfall
    could decline by 5.
  • Changes in weather are expected to have an impact
    on availability and quality of freshwater.
  • Ghana, therefore, may face future export deficits
    and there is the likelihood that the countrys
    forestry sector will die out.
  • Increasing temperature and increasing heat stress
    in urban areas will increase demand for energy.
  • The World Energy Outlook projects that by 2030,
    50 of population will still be without
    electricity.
  • The majority of extra people at risk of hunger by
    the 2080.
  • Sea levels projected to rise in Africa by 15-95
    cm by the year 2100.
  • The warming by 2100 it is expected to increase by
    26ºC.
  • A temperature increase of 2C will severely
    affect coffee production.

30
III. Objectives of the Project
  • For the country to be self reliant in liquid fuel
    production.
  • To increase the value of Ghanaian exports.
  • Lower Ghanas reliance on imported goods.
  • Create massive employment for the teaming
    unemployed youths, reduce poverty and rural
    urban drift.

31
IV. Contribution of the project to combatting
climate change
  • The wild physic nut plant (Jatropha) is available
    in most part of the country in about 8 different
    varieties and sub varieties.
  • About 4 varieties treated scientifically took
    between 2 and 3 months to begin bearing fruits
    after planting (instead of 12 and 24 months for
    wild Jatropha) and between 8 to 12 months to
    attain maturity (instead of 5 to 6 years).
  • The Anuanom plant yields 13kg per year as against
    3.5kg.
  • The tree can grow in most soils loam, sandy
    soil and marshy soil, sloping soil and along
    mountain.
  • It cannot tolerate wetland since the roots are
    too soft to survive in water for a long period
    about 10mm to 20mm of water is required every
    week.
  • Idle savannah, woodlands and fallow bush are
    suitable for Jatropha it is estimated that these
    areas in Ghana cover about 6.5 million hectares.
  • Jatropha plantation and downstream processing is
    going to provide large scale opportunities for
    poorer sections of society.
  • The average output of oil which is 2.6 t/hectare
    is better than the normal output of normal 1.25
    t/hectare.

32
IV. Contribution of the project to combatting
climate change
  • The effective life cycle of this tree is about
    fifty (50) years the effect of this on the
    global environment is that Ghana will reduce
    global carbon dioxide emission by about 56
    million tons per annum this will put Ghana in a
    position to deal in carbon trading with any of
    the leading industrialized nations (800 million
    to 1 billion trees will be planted within the
    framework of project).
  • The local environment benefits from the
    establishment of a perennial crop that reduces
    soil erosion and requires little or no
    agro-chemical imports as well as the reduction of
    toxic emissions (50 - 95 depending on the
    state of the diesel engine) during the combustion
    of curcas biodiesel, which is practically free
    of sulphurous compound.
  • Planting Jatropha to cover about 1 million
    hectares of idle lands in Ghana will
  • Prevent desertification in plantation areas.
  • Improve Climate change positively in these areas.
  • Reduce the spread of bush fires in these areas.
  • Control erosions and loss of topsoils and reduce
    silting of water bodies.
  • Lead to the reclamation of degraded lands due to
    mining activities.
  • Reduce rural poverty and rural-urban drift.
  • Translate into massive job creation (mainly in
    harvest periods on farms).

33
IV. Contribution of the project to combatting
climate change
  • To supply all the diesel fuel that is consumed
    within the country and export the excess.
  • The biodiesel produced will also be used to run
    electricity-generating plants to generate
    electricity, to save the country from importing
    electricity or using imported light crude oil or
    gas in running these plants, and thus stabilize
    electricity generation and supply in the country
    and export the excess.
  • Part of biodiesel will be used to manufacture a
    number of higher value products such as
    lubricating oils, solvents and metal working
    oils.
  • To produce fertilizer with high percentages of
    Nitrogen (3.21), Phosphorus (0.20), Potassium
    (1.39), Ammonium Nitrate (0.89), Calcium
    carbonate, etc.
  • To supply all the fertilizer requirement of the
    country to increase food and cash crops yield per
    hectare per annum and export the rest.
  • To supply raw material for pharmaceutical and
    cosmetics industries.
  • To create jobs for both skilled and unskilled
    unemployed youths roaming the streets of major
    cities and towns in Ghana.

34
IV. Contribution of the project to combatting
climate change
  • The reforestation of about 1 million hectares of
    savannah woodlands, fallow bush lands and the
    reclaiming of abandoned mined areas.
  • The transformation of marginal and idle lands
    into productive areas, putting more money into
    the hands of farmers and thus making farming
    more attractive profitable.
  • The protection and regeneration of natural
    resources such as water and soil.
  • The project will also help increase the
    contribution of the agro-industrial sector to
    Gross Domestic Products (GDP), added value and
    technology transfer. Macro economic gains shall
    be obtained by the import substitutions and the
    resulting improvement in the balance of payment
    of the country.

35
This Project is under implementation and is being
financed by ECOWAS Bank for Investment and
Development (EBID). EBID has set up the African
Biofuel and Renewable Energy Fund (ABREF) in
cooperation with financial institutions, the
ECOWAS Commission and the UEMOA Commission to
finance biofuels and other renewable energy.
36
Part 5 African Biofuel and Renewable Energy Fund
(ABREF)
37
I. Objectives of the Fund
  • The Fund will
  • Contribute to the development of bio-fuels and
    renewable energy industry in the Africa,
    with a particular focus on West African countries
  • Provide investors with superior returns through
    investments in biofuels and renewable energy
    projects which generate Certified Emission
    Reductions (CERs).

38
II. Fund Size
  • ABREF Equity investments 200 million
  • 150 million (75) of the Funds capital for
    equity investments in specific projects
  • 50 million (25) to purchase CERs
  • Debt facility US 1 billion
  • ACE TAF 10 million
  • Contributions from governments
  • Voluntary contributions from private sector

39
III. Category of shares
  • Two options
  • Option I
  • Private Investors ,Share A
  • Governments, Share B
  • Option II
  • ABREC (African investors), Share A
  • Governments (Non African), Share B
  • Non African Institutions, Share C

40
IV. Biofuel projects in the Pipeline
Other Maize, sweet potatoes, sunflower etc.
41
Conclusion
Africa has enormous potential to develop bio
fuels and safeguard agricultural production at
the same time. The project will help check
desertification and contribute to land
reclamation. The production of bio-fuels is an
effective tool for improving the living
conditions of our people We are convinced that
bio-fuels provide an opportunity to reduce
poverty and to ensure the sustainable development
of the African continent. Africa has a lot of
potential, especially regarding the availability
of land and experience acquired in the production
of bio-fuel from Jatropha. Thank you for your
kind attention.
42
Contact
Director of ABREF Mr. Thierno Bocar TALL
Tel (228) 221 68 64 Fax (228) 221 86
84 (228) 222 81 51 E-mail
infos_at_faber-abref.org
www.faber-abref.org
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
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