Industrialization

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Industrialization

• M. Siebert

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Building the 1st Transcontinental Railroad

• Pacific Railway Act of 1862 U.S. Government
  hired Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railway
  Company to extend railways across the United
  States.
• Central Pacific Started in Sacramento, CA
• Union Pacific Started in Omaha, NE
• The 2 railroad companies met in Promontory, Utah
  to drive the Golden Spike on May 10, 1869

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(No Transcript)
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Promontory, Utah May 10, 1869
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The Workers

• Majority of workers were Chinese and Irish
  immigrants
• The working conditions for all, was very poor and
  strenuous!
• The working conditions were tough because of the
  difficult terrain and weather conditions

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Who did the Railroad Impact?

• Native Americans (called it the Iron Horse)
• Helped Westward expansion
• Made trade much easier
• Hurt the farmers economically because of the
  higher costs for farmers
• They made deals with wealthy businessmen (became
  corrupt)
• Became crucial to the U.S. economy

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Legislation

• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 put in place
  for Govt to supervise railroad activities
• Led to more financial problems (railroads were
  forced out of business, which led to the Panic of
  1893)
• This caused the Large Firms to start buying up
  the railways, which paved the way for Big
  Businesses

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Industrialization Factors

• Unskilled and semi-skilled labor in abundance
• New, talented entrepreneurs
• Oil
• Inventions
• New technology that allows mass production
• Bessemer Process
• Railroads
• Changes in business strategy
• Vertical Integration Horizontal Consolidation
• Social Darwinism

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The Reorganization of Work
Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific
Management (1911)
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The Reorganization of Work
The Assembly Line
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Vertical and Horizontal Integration
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Standard Oil Co.
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Regulating the Trusts

• 1877 ? Munn. v. IL
• 1886 ? Wabash, St. Louis Pacific
  Railroad Company v. IL
• 1890 ? Sherman Antitrust Act
• in restraint of trade
• rule of reason loophole
• 1895 ? US v. E. C. Knight Co.

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The Gospel of WealthReligion in the Era of
Industrialization

• Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
• Viewed as a sign of Gods approval.
• Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
• Should not help the poor.

Russell H. Conwell
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On Wealth

• The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.
• Gospel of Wealth (1901).
• Inequality is inevitable and good.
• Wealthy should act as trustees for their
  poorer brethren.

Andrew Carnegie
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Cornelius Commodore Vanderbilt
Cant I do what I want with my money?
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William Vanderbilt

• The public be damned!
• What do I care about the law? Haint I got the
  power?

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New Financial Businessman

• The Broker
• J. Pierpont Morgan

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New Business CultureThe American Dream?

• Protestant (Puritan) Work Ethic
• Horatio Alger 100 novels

Is the idea of the self-made man a MYTH??
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The Protectors of Our Industries
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The Changing American Labor Force
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Child Labor
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Child Labor
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Management vs. Labor
Tools of Management
Tools of Labor

• scabs
• Pinkertons
• lockout
• blacklisting
• yellow-dog contracts

• Collective Bargaining
• informational picketing
• organized strikes

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A Striker Confronts a SCAB!
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Knights of Labor
Terence V. Powderly
An injury to one is the concern of all!
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Goals of the Knights of Labor

• Eight-hour workday.
• Workers cooperatives.
• Worker-owned factories.
• Abolition of child and prison labor.
• Increased circulation of greenbacks.
• Equal pay for men and women.
• Safety codes in the workplace.
• Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
• Abolition of the National Bank.

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Labor Unrest 1870-1900
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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
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Haymarket Martyrs
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The American Federation of Labor 1886
Samuel Gompers
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How the AF of L Would Help the Workers

• Catered to the skilled worker.
• Represented workers in matters of national
  legislation.
• Maintained a national strike fund.
• Evangelized the cause of unionism.
• Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
• Mediated disputes between management and labor.
• Pushed for closed shops.

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Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
Homestead Steel Works
The Amalgamated Association of Iron Steel
Workers
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A CompanyTown Pullman, IL
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Pullman Cars
A Pullman porter
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The Pullman Strike of 1894
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The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!
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The Socialists
Eugene V. Debs
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International Workers of the World (Wobblies)
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Big Bill Haywood of theIWW

• Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

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I W W
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Mother Jones The Miners Angel

• Mary Harris.
• Organizer for theUnited MineWorkers.
• Founded the SocialDemocratic Party in 1898.
• One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in
  1905.

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The Formula
unions violence strikes socialists
immigrants
anarchists
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Labor Union Membership
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The Rise Decline of Organized Labor
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Discussion Questions

• What were the cost and benefits of the industrial
  transformation of the Post- Civil War era?
• Was the growing class division of the time a
  threat to American democracy? Why or why not?