Center for Technology

1
Chinas ST Emergence US DOD China
Collaboration in Fundamental Research
Center for Technology National Security
Policy National Defense University 27 May 2009
2
ST Reform in China

• ST modernization began in 1949 with founding of
  PRC.
• Implemented a series of development plans aimed
  at guiding and modernizing the countrys ST
  capabilities.
• Beginning in 1998, began to develop national
  plans with a strong focus on innovation,
  high-tech industry, and international
  collaboration.
• The driving forces behind Chinas most recent ST
  advances have been
• market-based reforms of Chinas ST
  infrastructure
• large supply of domestic ST research talent
• foreign capital investment from multinational
  companies
• technology transfer from foreign companies
• Chinese government investment in strategic
  high-tech technologies.

3
Mid and Long-Range Plan for ST Development
(2006-2020)

• Plan lists 11 key fields, with 68
• priority subject areas
• Energy
• Water and mineral resources
• Environment
• Agriculture
• Manufacturing industry
• Transportation sector
• IT and modern service industries
• Population and health
• Urbanization and urban development
• Public safety
• National defense

• 8 categories of important, cutting-edge
• technologies
• Biotechnology
• IT
• New materials
• Advanced manufacturing
• Advanced energy
• Marine
• Laser
• Aerospace technologies

4
Mid and Long-Range Plan for ST Development
(2006-2020)

• Latest ST Plan aims for an RD expenditure of
  2.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) by
  2020.
• China aims to become an innovation-oriented
  country by 2020, ranking fifth in the world in
  terms of the number of patents awarded to
  nationals by 2020.
• Goal Become a world leader in ST by 2050.

5
State of the Art in China

• In 2006, China surpassed Japan as worlds second
  highest RD investor.
• Total RD expenditures have risen from roughly
  0.6 percent of GDP in 1995 to 1.5 percent in
  2005, with total RD in 2006 equaling about 139
  billion.
• Key areas of funding energetic materials,
  nanotechnology, biotechnology, IT, and materials
  science.

6
Global ST
2
2
38
4
3
16
28
1
2
lt1
3
1
UIS ST database World Bank - PPP data
96
OECD 2008 PPP 2008Global RD Report (Battelle)
2
2
EU 24
30
12
18
3
1
4
lt1
3
1
World ST Investment - 1996 to 2007
7
Academia

• In 2004, China employed 2.25 million scientists
  and engineers.
• More than 6.5 million students were enrolled in
  undergraduate science, medicine and engineering
  programs in 2004, and more than half a million in
  postgraduate science, medicine and engineering
  programs 23,500 doctorates were awarded, 70
  percent of them in science-related subjects.
• In 2006, China published 8.4 percent of the
  worlds scientific publications, second only to
  the U.S.

8
Chinese Universities

• In a 2009 China University Review, top 5
  academic Universities in China were
• 1. Tsinghua University 2. Peking University
• 3. Zhejiang University 4. Shanghai Jiaotong
  University
• 5. Nanking University

• Top 5 Universities in Engineering were
• Tsinghua University
• Zhejiang University
• Shanghai Jiaotong University
• Harbin Institute of Technology
• Tianjin University

• Top 5 Universities in Physical sciences were
• Tsinghua University
• Zhejiang University
• Peking University
• Shanghai Jiaotong University
• Nanjing University

9
Research at Chinese Universities

• Peking University BioMEMS, computational
  simulation on charge transport of semiconductor
  and related modeling areas, silicon based
  technology development.
• The Ocean University of China (OUC) in Qingdao
  regarded internationally as the premier
  university in China for research in ocean
  sciences. Strong programs of fundamental research
  at OUC are in marine chemistry, ocean currents,
  and remote sensing.
• Zhejiang University top ranked university in
  Mainland China for photonics research and also
  has strong programs in meta-materials, optics and
  electromagnetics.
• Tsinghua University optoelectronics research,
  hardware and software development for
  communications, and nanotechnology.

10
Potential Areas of Collaboration

• Materials science, such as metamaterials and
  catalysis
• Molecular reaction dynamics
• Energetics
• Nanotechnology
• Biotechnology
• Brain and cognitive sciences
• Ocean sciences
• Information technology
• Energy and power technology
• Alternate and sustainable fuel technology

11
Why is Collaboration Important?

• Avoid technological surprise.
• Assists us in identifying and capitalizing on
  emerging trends and technologies.
• Allows us to leverage foreign resources and
  capabilities.
• Develops important relationships to enhance
  national security.

12
Recommendations

• OSD(ATL) should encourage DOD and component
  fundamental research scientists to engage in
  collaborative fundamental research with top
  Chinese academic research scientists in
  scientific areas that will contribute to the DOD
  Research Engineering Strategic Plan.
• OSD(P) should develop a clear, streamlined, and
  well-publicized process for OSD and Component
  approval for fundamental research scientists to
  visit Chinese academic institutions and to attend
  ST conferences in China.
• OSD(ATL), working with OSD(P) and the Services,
  should develop a phased strategy for constructive
  engagement in fundamental research with Chinese
  academic institutions.
• Specific recommendations are provided in
  Chinas ST Emergence A Proposal for U.S.
  DOD-China Collaboration in Fundamental Research,
  available at
• http//www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/Def_Tech/DTP204720Enga
  ging20with20China.pdf