Developing Countries

1
Developing Countries

• Presented by
• Nada Chamu
• Juan M.Morales
• David Self

2
Waste Disposal in Botswana

• Some of the social issue
• Famine
• War
• Money
• Small population across the country causes
  expensive operation cost
• Lack of skilled manpower
• Lack of co-operation between local authority
• Some consultants tend to over-design

3
Waste Disposal in Botswana

• Most of the MSW in developing countries is dumped
  on land in a more or less uncontrolled manner
• Over 200 recorded dumping site scattered around
  the country
• Appropriate design is to corporate the
  sustainable design
• Landfills should be a self financing

4
(No Transcript)
5
SW Problems in Developing Countries

• Recent urbanization has created squatter
  settlements
• Dramatic changes in waste stream inundate
  communities with non-biodegradable waste
• Poor leadership of solid waste management
• Poor economies offer few alternatives to
  scavenging

6
Massive Urbanization

• The urban population of the world is expected to
  double to more than five billion people in the
  next 35 years, with 90 of this growth taking
  place in developing countries
• This massive urbanization is largely unplanned
  and is fraught with squatter settlements
• Lack of planning leads to narrow, winding and
  unpaved streets which are hard to access with
  modern trucks and equipment

7
Massive Urbanization

• Winding and unpaved streets require animal drawn
  carts to pickup garbage, if the garbage is picked
  up at all
• Squatter settlements do not provide tax revenues
  to municipalities, therefore no money is
  available to pay for pickup of garbage or expand
  SW capacity

8

• Time was, there was no rubbish in the Pacific.
  Anything that was discarded - food, coconut
  leaves, pandanus baskets - was organic, and
  either eaten by livestock, used to make richer
  soils for crops like taro or paluka, or else
  simply rotted away. In fact, some of the
  regions more than 1000 languages have no word
  for rubbish. While Western societies spent
  centuries battling the rubbish that clogged
  streets and waterways and sparked outbreaks of
  cholera and other deadly diseases, less populated
  Pacific island countries continued to enjoy clean
  drinking water, clean oceans, an abundant supply
  of fish, seafood, coconuts, breadfruit and
  bananas - and no rubbish.

9

• Those times, sadly, are passing. The influx of
  Western consumer products, with all their plastic
  wrappings, their metal containers, is creating a
  mountain of solid waste that does not decay, but
  instead clutters formerly pristine lagoons and
  beaches, threatening not just the natural
  environment, but economies and public health as
  well.
• Mr. TamaniI Tutangata, Director of the South
  Pacific Regional Environment Programme

10
Waste Composition in South Pacific
11
Global Comparison
12
Poor and Inadequate SW Management

• In small Mexican municipalities, SW management is
  led by Deputy Mayor, who has many other tasks to
  oversee
• As a result, SW operations are delegated to
  underlings with little or no training in SW
  management. Plus, due to poor funding, SW staff
  consists of undereducated individuals unable to
  find employment in the private sector

13
Scavenging

• In Asian and Latin American cities, scavengers
  comprise up to 2 of the local population
• 20,000 scavengers live in Calcutta
• 12,000 scavengers live in Manilla
• 15,000 scavengers live in Mexico City
• Not a fringe element, but rather a significant
  percentage of the population

14
Scavenging

• Players include
• Scavengers, people who sift through garbage to
  retrieve valuables to sell
• Middlemen, people who buy in bulk quantity from
  scavengers. They bail recyclables and sell to
  industries at a markup as high as 300
• Local industries, buy goods from middlemen
• Local government, often in collusion with
  middlemen to deny competition and keep scavenger
  earnings low

15
Government Approaches to Scavenging

• Repression- Done because it is seen as inhuman,
  a symbol of backwardness, and a source of
  embarrassment
• Neglect- Authorities simply ignore scavengers
  and their operations
• Collusion- Government officials develop
  relationships with middlemen and scavengers for
  mutual profit and mutual assistance. Give
  exclusive rights to middlemen and receive
  political support from scavengers
• Stimulation- Activities include legalization of
  scavenging, formation of cooperatives, and
  formation of private-public partnerships

16
Cooperatives

• Scavengers pool their resources so that they can
  sell directly to the local industries
• Industries pay higher prices for goods than the
  middlemen
• Opportunity to educate scavengers about health
  risks
• Gives political platform to people with no
  previous voice

17
Fundación Social

• Non-governmental organization that has assisted
  the formation of scavenger cooperatives in
  Columbia since 1986
• Started in Manizales after a sanitary landfill
  displaced 150 families from the local dump
• Gave out 700,000 in 1996 in grants and loans
• Most successful cooperative is in Medellin,
  Cooperativa Recuperar. Consists of 1000 members,
  60 women, and earn 1.5 times minimum wage
• Contract with Cooperativa Recuperar saved
  Medellin 5000 in 1996

18
Private-Public Partnership

• Allows the public sector to remain as supervisor
  of SW management and provide services to well
  developed neighborhoods
• Contracts with scavengers provide services in
  poorly developed neighborhoods that are more
  conducive to carts
• Combines the oversight and social responsibility
  of public sector with efficiency and market
  responsiveness of the private sector

19
(No Transcript)
20
Greenhouse Effect
21
GHG from Landfills

• Global methane emissions from landfills are
  estimated in 70 million tonnes each year.
• Landfills provide ideal conditions for
  methanogenesis, with lots of organic material and
  anaerobic conditions prevalent.
• In most cases Developing Nations do not have the
  economical resources to control this problem.

22
Chinas waste composition
23
China Composting Program

• China produce 140 millions tons of garbage
  annually.
• The government of China is implementing a
  composting program.
• They are also using the GHG to generate
  electricity.

24
LFG to Energy
Landfill Gas to Energy at Strategic Landfills
25
Landfill Gas Collection System
26
GHG Electricity Generation by-products
27
Capillary Barrier as Landfill Cover System
28
Flow patterns in Capillary Barriers
29
Vertical Distribution
30
Cover System Comparison
6724 L
46 L
63 L
51.40/m2
157.54/m2
92.64/m2
31
Questions?