Disaster Resistant Caracas

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Disaster Resistant CaracasUrban Planning
Student Studio

Workshop on Urban Risk Management for Natural
Disasters Istanbul, October 25-26, 2001
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
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The Caracas Pilot

• Disaster Resistant Caracas Studio
• Development of methodological approach to
  multi-disciplinary planning and design
• A prototype Inter-Departmental study executed by
  Master and Doctoral Students in Urban Planning
  and Geosciences lead by Geoscience and Urban
  Planning Faculty team.
• Three-month probe highlighted critical issues for
  disaster resiliency.
• Built on continuing 6-year collaboration between
  IREU and Columbia University on urban problems in
  Caracas, and the 50-year history of global earth
  science research of Lamont-Doherty.
• Seed funded by CHRR to promote integrated
  research.

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The Caracas Pilot (cont.)

• Achievements
• Demonstrated success of integrated methodology
• Established local technical and academic
  collaboration
• Developed links to federal and municipal
  institutions organized around data collection and
  preliminary analysis
• The Caracas Pilot is a preliminary planning
  study, not a plan. More work has to be done.

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Definitions

• Sustainability The balance between current use
  of available cultural, social, economic,
  political and natural resources, and future
  needs.
• Disaster Resiliency The ability to preserve
  sustainable growth after accounting for the
  direct and indirect impacts of disasters.

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Premise Disaster Resilience is a characteristic
of sustainable societies.

• Disaster Resilience will enhance social
  development.
• Disasters highlight social and economic
  inequities, and affect the poor
  disproportionately.
• Thus, Disaster Resilience is an agent of poverty
  reduction and social stability.
• Disaster Resilience provides an additional
  incentive for international investment.

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The Context

• Latin America is experiencing rapid and unplanned
  urban growth. Proper growth can be channeled to
  increase prosperity and sustainability.
• Latin American cities are centers of education
  and culture, fueling innovation and creativity.
  But they are exposed to natural hazards.
• Greater Caracas is an example of a regional
  center where linkages in culture, finance,
  telecom, media, technology, and natural resource
  distribution are integrated. Caracas is also
  exposed to risk.

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The Context (Continued)

• Building disaster resilient metropolitan areas
  accomplishes the dual goal of achieving social
  development and protecting the people and their
  built environment.
• Integrated urban areas will be centers for the
  application of sustainable development strategies
  based on science and rational planning.

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The Challenge

• Can planning, science, and political will be
  combined to produce orderly and equitable urban
  development?

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Three Components of Urban Disaster Resilience

1. Rational planning process that includes hazard
   mitigation.
2. Risk management strategies, including financial,
   regulatory, and market incentives.
3. Emergency preparedness and response.

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Introduction
the dual city
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Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
11
Context Trends
dual city
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Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
12
Processs
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Methodology
theoretical approach
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Rational Planning Method
Strategic Planning Process
Alternative Growth Scenarios
Alternative Growth Scenarios
Hazard Mitigation Action Plan
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
14
Hazards
Rational Planning
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Elements of Rational Planning Model

• Define Assumptions Values
• Goals Objectives
• Guide Rational growth and spatial development
• Strengthen economic base
• Protect life and property from hazards
• Ensure environmental sustainability
• Provide decent housing
• Supply sufficient public facilities
• Enhance accessibility and mobility
• Improve governmental administration
• Examine Alternatives
• Regionalization,
• Satellite Cities
• Densification
• Develop Programs

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
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Risk Assessments
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Hazards
introduction
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Caracas Faces Two Main Hazards

• Earthquakes - The Plate Boundary
• Ground shaking
• Soil failure
• Landslides
• Extreme Rainfall Events
• Flooding
• Mud and debris flows

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
19
Hazards
landslides earthquakes
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Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
20
Hazards
earthquakes
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Earthquakes from 1977-1997
USGS Earthquake Information Center
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
21
Hazard Context
seismicity of caracas
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1967
1997
1-2 cm/year
CARACAS
http//www.funvisis.org.ve/htmls/fallas_venezuela.
html
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
22
Hazards
seismic gaps
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http//www.funvisis.org.ve
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
23
Hazards
climatological situation of venezuela
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Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
24
Hazards
extreme rainfall in vargas/caracas
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100 mm
Normal December Rainfall
912 mm
December 15-17, 1999
1967
1207 mm
December 1999 Total
1997
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
25
Hazards
before/after extreme rain
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Major flooding events have also occurred in the
following years
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
26
Geoscience Urban Planning
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Hazards
Strategic Planning
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Elements of Strategic Planning Model

• Define Assumptions Values
• Goals Objectives
• SWOT Analysis
• Strengths
• Weakness
• Opportunities
• Threats
• Program Development - mixed scanning approach

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
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Action Plans
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Risk Assessment
Tier Rankings
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Medical - Hospitals, ambulances, clinics, Red
Cross, field hospitals equipment Water -
Supply infrastructure, aqueducts, storage tanks ,
treatment tanks Transportation - All roads, rail
lines, airports, heliports, seaports, evacuation
routes Shelter / Housing - Existing structures,
tens, cots, community centers Communications -
Emergency broadcast systems, cell phone, radio/TV
transmission
Tier 1

Fuel - Storage Tanks, delivery mechanisms,
pipelines Fire/HAZMAT - Fire stations,
equipment, response systems Electricity - Power
generators. Transmission stations, back-up
generators Food - storage warehouses,
distribution points, refrigeration
Tier 2
Tier 3
Reserved Spaces - Stadiums, parks, fields, tent
cities Sanitary Facilities - Treatment
facilities, temporary sanitation
Law enforcement Security
Systems
Management System
Search Rescue
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
34
Action Plan
critical facilities
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• Hazard Mitigation Plan
• Reserved Open Space
• Evacuation Routes
• Storage Warehouses

• Emergency Response System
• Search and Rescue Teams
• Field Hospitals
• Power Generation Stations

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
35
Action Plan
infrastructure
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Tier 1 and 2 Systems

• Water
• Transportation
• Communications
• Electricity
• Fuel and Natural Gas
• Sewage

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
36
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Action Plan
water infrastructure
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• Robust and Reliable Water Supply System
• Need for Water Storage Inside the City
• Backup Power for Pumping Stations
• Strong Water Distribution System

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
38
Action Plan
surface transportation
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• Robust and Redundant System
• System to Remain Intact and Operable
• Reinforcement and Retrofitting Existing System
• Creation of Strategic Network
• Network to Include Emergency Routes
• Improved Access to the Valley and Coast

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
39
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Action Plan
communications
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• Robust and Reliable Communications System
• Emergency Broadcast System
• Unified Emergency communications center
• Prevent gridlock

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
44
Action Plan
critical facilities
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• Hospitals, Fire and Police Stations

• Access to these facilities must be improved

• New facilities must be built in under-served
  areas

• Existing facilities must be strengthened and
  made self-sufficient

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
45
critical facilities hazards
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Action Plan
critical facilities
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• Reserved Spaces - Parroquias

• Normal Function

• Parks and Plazas
• Recreation Fields
• Community Centers
• Open-air markets
• Preserve historic areas

• Disaster Function

• Evacuation Sites
• Temporary Shelters
• Field Hospitals
• Information Posts
• Supply Distribution Points

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
47
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Action Plan
open space
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Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
50
Action Plan
Building Resiliency
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• Structural design
• Retrofitting
• Building Codes
• Construction Training

• Economic planning policy
• Land Title
• Loans Tax Incentives
• Planning Provision

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
51
Action Plan
relocation
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• Requires social policy
• Community Participation
• Maintain Social Networks
• Requires land use policy
• Increase Density via Appropriate Design
• Enhance access

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
52
Training Education
technical units
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Technical Assistance
Interactive Training and Educational Exchange
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
53
Implementation
cost of inaction
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Mexico City, 1985 magnitude 8.1 estimated damage
- 5 billion
Kobe, Japan, 1995 magnitude 7.2 estimated damage
- 150bn
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
54
Implementation
benefits of mitigation
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• Assume 80 billion in damages from an M 7
  earthquake

• Cost of mitigation
• Planning technical assistance 1billion
• Structural mitigation 5-7 billion

• Return on investment 1000 to 2000 return
• Proportionate impact of mitigation is greater
  for excluded populations (barrios)

Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
55
Projections
schematic timeline
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Infrastructure
coastal connector
redundancy
hardening/ relocation
Housing
land title
zoning
Administration
disaster ministry
disaster info clearinghouse
Science
hazard mapping
data mining
Education
hazard curriculum
volunteer corps
academia
years
0-5
10-20
5-10
Disaster Resistant Caracas
Columbia University School of
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
URBAN PLANNING STUDIO Spring 2001
56
Lessons Learned

• Complexity of the problem demands
  multi-disciplinary integrated approach.
• Local institutional/community partnerships
  crucial for study, implementation, and success.
• Existing local capacity in different disciplines
  must be integrated and reinforced to deal with
  complex systemic issues.
• Data issues are paramount to study.
• Community issues paramount to implementation.

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