1
Standards, regulations codes of practice and
policies on environmental management,
sustainability, and the environmental impact of
aquaculture and fisheries in India

• Dr. B. Madhusoodanakurup
• Professor , Fisheries Advisor to Minister (F
  R), Govt. of Kerala
• School of industrial fisheries
• Cochin University of Science and Technology
• Cochin,Kerala
• INDIA

2
Introduction

• India is a federal republic,
• subdivided into 28 states and 6 union
  territories.
• According to the Constitution, the state
  legislatures have the power
• to make laws and regulations with respect to a
  number of subject-matters, including water (i.e.
  water supplies, irrigation and canals,
• drainage and embankments, water storage and
  water power), land (i.e. rights in or over land,
  land tenure, transfer and alienation of
• agricultural land), fisheries, as well as the
  preservation, protection
• and improvement of stock and the prevention of
  animal disease.
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 
  
  9-01-2008

3
Constitution of India

• Federal Form of Government
• The Union and State Governments consist
• Legislative branch
• Judicial branch
• Executive branch
  
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,I
  NDIA
• 
  
  9-01-2008

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Division of subjects between Center and state

• Article 246 0f Constitution
• Union list
• State list
• Concurrent list
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 
  
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Subjects related to coastal and marine
environmental protection

• Union list
• Entering agreement with foreign countries and
  implementing of treaties, agreements and
  conventions with foreign countries
• Shipping and navigation on inland water ways
• Maritime shipping and navigation, including
  shipping and navigation on tidal waters
• Regulation and development of inter-state rivers
  and river valleys
• Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters
• State list
• Public health and sanitation, hospitals and
  dispensaries
• Land
• Fisheries
• Concurrent List
• Shipping and navigation on inland water ways as
  regards mechanically propelled vessels
• Factories
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 
  
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• Fisheries sector, plays a very important role in
  the socio economic development of India
• Fisheries sector provides employment to 7 million
  fisher men
• India is endowed with vast and varied fishery
  resource, an outline of which is given below
• Exports marine products worth of 80000 crores
  INR-
• 200 million US -5,00,000 tonnes of sea food
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 9-01-2008

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INLAND FISHERY RESOURCES OF INDIA

• Rivers and canals0.20 million Kilometers
• Area under reservoirs3.15 million Hectare
• Tanks and ponds 2.25 million Hectare
• Beels, oxbow lakes and derelict water bodies0.82
  million Hectare
• Brackish water area1.24 million Hectare
• Estimated annual potential4.5 million tones
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 9-01-2008

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MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES OF INDIA

• Coastline 8129 km
• Continental shelf 0.50 million km2
• Exclusive economic zone 2.02 million km2
• Estimated annual production potential 3.90
  million tones
• From area within 50-m depth2.21 million tones
• From area beyond 50-m depth1.69 million tones
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 9-01-2008

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• Fish production in million tonnes (both Marine
  and Inland) during last five years in India are
  given below

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008
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Fisheries Legislation in India

• Enactments essentially having bearing on the
  marine fisheries sector
• The Indian Fisheries Act 1857
• Maritime Zones Act (1976)
• Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by
  Foreign Vessels) Act (1981) and Rules (1982)
• MFRAS were first implemented in the States of
  Kerala and Goa in 1980
• Coastal Regulation Zone Protection Act, (1986)
• The Environment Protection Act, (2002)
• The Biological Diversity Act (2002)
  Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 9-01-2008

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Other acts and legislations governingSustainable
fisheries

• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
• came into being on 31 Oct. 1995.
• - the right to fish carries with it the
  obligation and to do so in a responsible
  manner.
• The Wild Life Protection Act, 1973.
• Biological Diversity Act, 2002
• Coastal Zone Management Authority 2003.
• Aquaculture Authority of India 1997.
• Coastal Regulation Zone Act, 1991.
  Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 9-01-2008

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Overview of existing policies in
India Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
9-01-2008
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Continued....
Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
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Continued.......
Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
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Continued.....
Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-200
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Marine Fisheries Legislation in Maritime States
of India

• The country with the long coastline of 8129 Km.
• has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extending to
  2.02 million Sq.Km. comprising of
• 0.86 million Sq.Km. on the West Coast,
• 0.56 million Sq.Km. on the East Coast
• 0.60 million Sq.Km. around the two island union
  territories Viz Lakshadweep, and Andaman and
  Nicobar islands, situated in the Arabian sea and
  Bay of Bengal, respectively
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
  
  9-01-2008

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Marine Fisheries Legislation in Maritime States
of India continued.......

• There are 10 maritime states/union territories in
  India,
• Gujarat,
• Maharashtra,
• Karnataka,
• Goa
• and Kerala along the west coast, bordering the
  Arabian Sea
• Tamil Nadu,
• Pondicherry ,
• Andhra Pradesh,
• Orissa and West Bengal along the east coast,
  bordering
• the bay of Bengal
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA
• 9-01-2008

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• Zonation and other fishing regulations in
  different states are summerised below
• In Maharashtra Operation of trawl net by
  mechanized fishing vessels is prohibited in some
  specified depth(5 fathoms and 10 fathoms), trawl
  ban during monsoon, trawl gear operation is not
  allowed between 6 pm and 6 am etc
• In Goa the area up to 5 km from the coast line is
  specified area and mechanized fishing vessels are
  prohibited from fishing in the area, restriction
  on mesh size of nets i.e. 20mm for prawns and
  24mm for fish.
• In Karnataka The area up to 6 km from shore or up
  to 4 fathoms is reserved for the traditional
  craft, Deep Sea vessels are requested to operate
  beyond 20 km

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008
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• In Kerala
• Travancore Cochin Fisheries act,1950
• ., Travencore-Cochin Fisheries Rules,
• Marine Fishing regulation act, Fishermans
  Welfare Fund Act, Mechanized Fishing boats Rules,
• Fisheries service special rules etc
• The area from shore up to 30 m line in the sea
  along the coast from Kollengode in the south to
  paravoor, a length of 70km is called the first
  zone. The area up to 20 m line in the sea along
  the coast line from paravoor in the south to
  Manjeswar in the north for a length of 512 km is
  called the Second zone.
• Mechanized fishing expect fishing by motorized
  country craft is prohibited in the First and
  Second zones. Only fishing with country craft is
  allowed in these zones.
• The Government Notification prohibiting the use
  of purse-seine, pelagic trawl and mid water trawl
  in the territorial sea

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Salient features of KMFRA

• Code end mesh size of bottom trawl-35 mm
• Mesh size of ring seine-20mm
• Mesh size of dip net-20mm
• Banned gears-minitrawl,mid water trawl,bull trawl
• Prohibition of night trawling
• Demarcation of fishing ground fro tradition
  fishermen
• Closed season during the breeding season

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• According to Tamil Nadu fishery legislation
• Area up to 3 nautical miles reserved for
  traditional vessels.Fishing with in 100m below a
  river mouth is prohibited.
• No fishing gear of less than 100-mm mesh from
  knot to knot in respect of net other than trawl
  net shall be used.
• In Andhra Pradesh
• The area up to 10 km from shore is reserved for
  traditional craft. Mechanized boats are allowed
  to operate beyond 10 km
• Orissa
• Non mechanized traditional craft shall be allowed
  to operate freely without restriction. Mechanized
  fishing vessels up to 15 m in length shall be
  allowed to operate beyond 5 km from the coast.
  Mechanized fishing vessels of 25 GRT and above or
  15 m in length shall be allowed to operate beyond
  10 km from the coast
• West Bengal
• The area up to 15 km from the shore is reserved
  fro traditional craft. Fishing craft fitted with
  more than 30-hp engine are allowed to operate
  beyond 15 km

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008
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• The declaration of Exclusive Economic Zone in
  1976
• facilitated exploration, exploitation and
  utilization of marine living resources in the sea
  around India extending to 200 nautical miles,
  thereby giving the nation immense opportunities
  and challenges to harvest the resources and to
  manage them on sound scientific basis. The past
  three decades have witnessed rapid initiatives by
  the government and private agencies in the marine
  fisheries sector of the country.
• On realization that most of the deep sea fishery
  resources beyond the conventional fishing limit
  and fishing capability of the indigenous craft
  can be gainfully exploited only if the upgraded
  and sophisticated vessels of adequate size and
  capabilities are inducted into the fishery and
  mobilization of capital and expertise
  indigenously to achieve this was found difficult
  in short span of time, the Government addressed
  this issue in 1981 Charter Policy.
• After the expiry of five years of operation of
  this policy, the Government revised the policy to
  rectify the deficiencies noticed during its
  operation and to make it more beneficial to the
  country. Accordingly a revised 1986 Charter
  Policy was pronounced.

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-20
08
23

• This Charter Policy
• envisaged acquisition of vessels by the Indian
  Companies either through import / construction in
  India or through joint venture etc. As a result
  of the above Charter Policy, 97 companies were
  permitted to operate 311 foreign fishing vessels.
• Besides augmenting the marine fish production in
  the country, the policy also facilitated greater
  inflow of foreign exchange through export of fish
  caught by these vessels. All these vessels were
  operating on 100 EOU basis. The conditions for
  acquisition of vessels of adequate type and
  number by the Indian companies who chartered
  vessels helped the growth of Indian deep sea
  fishing fleet within a short span.
• Having laid the foundation for the Indian deep
  sea fishing industry, the government went ahead
  to broad base the initiatives through 1991 policy
  which envisaged joint venture, test fishing and
  leasing besides allowing continuing the vessels
  chartered under 1986 policy till the validity of
  their permits lasted.

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-200
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Marine Fishing Policy 2004

• It is significant that the new policy is being
  pronounced during the initial years of the X Five
  Year Plan, the elements contained therein may be
  gainfully used by the implementing Departments in
  the Central and State Governments to reach the
  benefits to the stake holders.
• The policy objectives are
• (1) to augment marine fish production of the
  country up to the sustainable level in a
  responsible manner so as to boost export of sea
  food from the country and also to increase per
  capita fish protein intake of the masses,
• (2) to ensure socio-economic security of the
  artisanal fishermen whose livelihood solely
  depends on this vocation.
• (3) to ensure sustainable development of marine
  fisheries with due concern for ecological
  integrity and biodiversity.

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008
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AQUACULTURE IN INDIA

• India- Second important country in Aquaculture
  production next to China
• Coastal and marine aquaculture
• Freshwater Aquaculture- Carps21,00,000
  tonnes
• Main Species CulturedBlack tiger Shrimp,
  P.monodon and Scampi, M.rosenbergii
• Contribution of Each species.
• Shrimp1,44,347 MT
• Scampi40,115 MT
• Total farming area
• Shrimp1,50,000 Ha.
• Scampi50,000 Ha.
• Total Farmers gt 1,50,000 numbers
• Composition of Farmers
• 0-2 ha90
• 2-5 ha6
• gt5 ha4
• Contribution to Seafood exports15 by Volume and
  55 Value
• Contribution to Shrimp exports 76 by Volume and
  84 value

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Status of shrimp aquaculture
27
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State-wise and coast-wise details of available
potential and area developed for shrimp
aquaculture
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Sustainability issues

• Efficiency of resource use means reduce costs
  (reduced water exchange, feed management, prudent
  use of inputs)
• Reduction in costs through avoiding wastages
  implies economic efficiency, profitability
• Environmental Sustainability
• Habitat destruction ?
• Pollution of local water, by intensive production
  ?

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• Problems and Prospects
• Environmental Social Problems
• Poor Pond understanding of environment
• Disease out-breaks (loss-US 125 ml)
• Lack of skills- farmers- BMPs
• Sustainability?
• Limited use of eco-friendly technologies

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-200
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Environmental and social issues of Aquaculture

• Conflicts among coastal resource users
• Salination of soil and the consequential
  devaluation of lands
• Large scale abstraction of freshwater causing
  degradation of potable and agriculture water
  supplies
• Discharge of farm effluents and pollution in
  coastal waters
• Deforestation of mangroves
• Right of access of fishing is denied
• Conflicts with capture fisheries-procurement of
  wild seed
• Impact on biodiversity-pollution and wild seed
  collection
•  

Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-200
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CRZ vis a vis Shrimp farming

• NOTIFICATION UNDER SECTION 3(1) AND SECTION
  3(2)(v) OF THE ENVIRONEMENT (PROTECTION) ACT,
  1986 AND RULE 5(3)(d) OF THE ENVIRONEMENT
  (PROTECTION) RULES, 1986 DECLARING COASTAL
  STRETCHES AS COASTAL REGULATION ZONE (CRZ) AND
  REGULATING ACTIVITIES IN THE CRZ.
•  
• New Delhi, the 19th February, 1991
• (as amended up to 4th August 2000)

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Laws relating to Aquaculture

• Prawn filtration in traditional Chemmeen Kettu in
  Kerala Prohibited filtration after 15 April
• Environmental Protection Act 1986
• 1995 Amendment to Land reforms Act 1974 made land
  leasing for aquaculture an exception
• 1997 Court directive to establish a Coastal Zone
  Management Authority to enforce the principle of
  precaution and polluter pays
• Constitution of Aquaculture Authority to issue
  license for traditional and improved traditional
  aquaculture within CRZ.
• Restriction on use of certain chemicals,
  antibiotics, pesticides and explosives GOI 2002

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What is CRZ ?

• The coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries,
  creeks, rivers and backwaters which are
  influenced by tidal action upto 5oo m. from the
  high tide line (HTL) and the land between the low
  tide level (LTL) and the HTL is termed as CRZ.
• The notification imposes restriction on the
  setting up and expansion of industries,
  operations or processes in the CRZ
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991

• Genesis
• 1981 November The then PM Smt. Indira Gandhi
  took initial measures to protect the ecological
  balance in the coastal area of our country by
  writing a letter to all the CM of the coastal
  states.
• 1982 the ministry of Environment setup working
  groups to prepare environmental guidelines for
  the development of beaches and coastal areas.
• 1983 July Environmental guidelines were
  promulgated.
• 1985-06 Launched an integrated project called
  Monitoring of coastal waters for assessing the
  status of coastal pollution up to 5Km- DOD MoEF
• 1989 Draft of CRZ notification was published
• 1990 December 15th MoEF issued notification
  against the declaration of the coastal stretches
  as regulation zones- imposed restrictions on
  industries, operation and processes in the zone.
• 1991 February 9th based on the EP Act 1986 MoEF
  issued CRZ notification
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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• Classification of CRZ
• For regulating development activities, the
  coastal stretches with in 500 meters of High Tide
  Line on the landward side are classified in to 4
  categories. They are-
• CRZ-I sensitive area- no activity permitted-
  Area between LTL and HTL
• CRZ-II The coastal stretches of urban and
  developed areas- buildings are permitted on the
  landward side of the existing buildings or
  structures
• CRZ- III areas, which do not belong to the
  above- no constriction is permitted upto 200m
  from HTL. However, beach resorts and other
  activities permitted on conditions.
• CRZ- IV Lakshadweep, Andaman, Nicobar, and other
  small islands are grouped under this.
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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• Permissible Activities
• Clearance for any activity in the CRZ- given only
  if it requires waterfront and foreshore
  facilities.
• The following activities require environmental
  clearance from MoEF
• Construction activities related to Atomic Energy
  Department
• Construction of ports, harbours, lighthouses,
  jetties.wharves, etc.
• Reclamation for commercial purposes
• Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas
• Thermal power plants
• Housing schemes in CRZ areas
• Mining of rare minerals
• Specified activities/facilities in SEZ
• Facilities for generating power by
  non-conventional energy sources
• Airstrips and other facilities in Lakshadweep and
  Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• Demolition or reconstruction of buildings of
  archeological importance, heritage buildings and
  buildings under public use
• Setting up of shrimp hatcheries.
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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• Prohibited Activities
• The following activities are declared as
  prohibited in the CRZ-
• Setting up of new industries and expansion of
  existing industries
• Manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of
  hazardous substances
• Setting up and expansion of fish processing units
• Mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents
• Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from
  industries, cities and other human settlements.
• Dumping of town waste for the purpose of land
  filling
• Dumping of ash or wastes from thermal power
  stations.
• Land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the
  natural course of seawater
• Mining of sands, rocks and other substrata
  materials
• Harvesting and drawl of ground water
• Any construction activity between the LTL and HTL
• Altering of sand dunes or natural features for
  beautification
• Setting up of new shrimp farms.
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Coastal Zone Management Notification 2007(Draft)

• Background
• The implementation of CRZ notification ignored by
  state governments
• Vested interests from various lobbies (tourism,
  industry, etc.)- tried to violate CRZ
  notification
• CRZ notification amended 19 times- rendered the
  law more impotent
• As a part of environmental regulations by MoEF
• Appointed Prof. M. S. Swaminathan committe July
  2004 in order to recommend necessary amenmends
  to make the CRZ legislation more
  effective-consists of 13 members and 7 co-opted
  members.-
• Tsunami- 26th December 2004- intensified the
  importance of this committee
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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CRZ regulations on aquaculture

• Helpful in the orderly development of brackish
  water aquaculture
• To protect the mangrove eco system and interalia
  conservation of
• Biodiversity and fish wealth
• Aquaculture guidelines have been found strictly
  followed and
• therefore shrimp farm effluents comply with the
  standards
• prescribed.
• Have positive impact on setting up of
  scientifically designed
• shrimp farms
• Negative impacts
• Growth of shrimp farming
• Regulated the stocking density
• No new shrimp farms in the CRZ
• No expansion of shrimpfarms in the CRZ
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Setting up of Aquaculture Authority

• Notified on 6th Feb 1997 by the Ministry of
  Environment Forests
• And is functioning under the administrative
  control of Ministry of
• Agriculture with Justice.G.Ramanujam (Retied
  judge- Madras High Court)
• Aquaculture Authority constituted two
  subcommittees
• 1. Formulation of guidelines to enabling farmers
  to adopt improved technology
• 2. Formulation of guidelines to enabling
  farmers to set up efficient
• treatment systems in their shrimp farms
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Sub committee.I Guide lines to adopt improved
technology for increasing production and
productivity in traditional and improved
traditional systems of shrimp farming-
Aquaculture authority

• Terms of reference
• To examine the relevant portion of the supreme
  court judgment dt
• 11.12.96 under which the suggestion has been
  made by the Apex
• Court for adoption of improved technology for
  increasing production from traditional and
  improved traditional farming system
• To define specific parameters for improved
  traditional system
• To specify permissible activities that can be
  practiced by the shrimp
• farmers with in CRZ area
• To suggest measures that are to be taken by the
  shrimp farmers while
• undertaking improved technology to protect the
  ecosystem with in the
• frame work of the Supreme court judgment
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Extract Guide lines of Aquaculture Authority for
improving Production and productivity

• Water depth 80-100cm, deepening of farms
• Pumping of water as per requirement
• Farms above 5 ha should keep 10 of the area as
  reserved as waste stabilization ponds
• Drying of pond , application of lime as per
  requirement , pond fertilisation using organic
  and inorganic fertilizers
• Eradication of pests and predators by applying
  mahua Oil cake or Ammonia
• Stocking with hatchery reared healthy seed _at_4-6
  no/m2
• Supplementary feeding with formulated feed ( Dry
  pellets) with a minimum 4 hr water stability at
  optimal level with out wastage
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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• Regular monitoring of growth and health to
  ascertain the cultured prawns are under stress
  conditions
• Regular monitoring of water and soil quality
  parameters
• Harvesting by completely draining the pond by
  pumping out the waste stabilisation ponds.
• Expected production 1-1.5 tonnes/ha/crop
• Thus 2 crops/year can be taken
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Subcommittee II Guidelines-Effluent treatment
system in shrimp farmAquaculture Authority ,GoI

• Terms of references
• To examine the present system of waste water
  treatment from the shrimp culture ponds
• To examine the various provisions of environment
  (protection) Act,1986 and Central Water
  (Prevention and control of pollution) Act,1974
  regarding the treatment of effluent waters
• To examine the design details of effluent
  treatment system prepared by the MPEDA
• To suggest suitable methodology separately for
  small clusters of shrimp farms varying between
  1-2 ha and farms up to 5 ha and above
• To evolve design of model units for the above
  mentioned types of farms and the suggest ways
  and means of implementation
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Guidelines-Effluent treatment systems

• Effluent Treatment System(ETS) became mandatory
  for all shrimp farms of 5.0 ha water spread area
  and above located with in CRZ and 10 ha water
  spread area below and above located outside CRZ 
• CRZ should have either effluent Treatment System
  or Effluent Treatment Ponds 
• Establishment of such system is necessary to
  bring the shrimp farm waste water within the
  prescribed standard and mitigate any adverse
  impact on the ecology of the open waters
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Effluent treatment system

• a.Settlement pond/Sedimentation pond (90mx 24m
  x 1.2 m depth -375 sq km)
•  
• used to remove suspended solids from waste
  water flow-living plankton cell,feed
  material,organic material,seetling solids at
  harvest
•  
• b.Bio pond or Biological Treatment pond(30x36mx
  1.5 m depth) Biological treatments aims at
  using plants and animals to reduce nutrient loads
  and particulate matter in the shrimp farm
  discharge
•  
• various option available- sea weeds to reduce
  nutrient(Ulva,Gracilaria)
• mollusks to reduce suspended matter(Crassostrea
  spp.,Perna spp.,Anadora sp.etc)
• fish to transform phytoplankton in to organic
  matter
•  
•  
• c.Aeration pond(19x36m x 1.7 m) helps to increase
  the dissolved oxygen levels of water before it
  is pumped for recirculation
• Dr.B.M.Kurup,INDIA 9-01-2008

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Guidelines/ standards for waste water from
coastal aquaculturefarms in India
(SourceAquaculture authority of India,June 2001)
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National Committee for introduction of Exotics
Quarentine

• Ministry of Agriculture
• 5 member committee
• NBFGR as the nodal agency
• Screened for potential threat of biodiversity and
  environment

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• 
  
  
  Thank you