Political Parties

1
Political Parties

• Chapter 8

2
The Meaning of Party

• Political Party
• A team of men and women seeking to control the
  governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly
  constituted election.
  
• Parties can be thought of in three parts
• Party in the electorate
• Party as an organization
• Party in government

3
The Meaning of Party

• Tasks of the Parties
• Linkage Institution The channels through which
  peoples concerns become political issues on the
  governments policy agenda.
  
• Parties Pick Candidates
• Parties Run Campaigns
• Parties Give Cues to Voters
• Parties Articulate Policies
• Parties Coordinate Policymaking

4
The Meaning of Party

• Parties, Voters, and Policy The Downs Model
• Rational-choice theory Assumes that individuals
  act in their own best interest, weighing the
  costs benefits.

5
The Party in the Electorate

• Party identification is a citizens
  self-proclaimed preference for one party or the
  other.
  
• Ticket-splitting
• Voting with one party for one office and with
  another party for other offices.
  
• Ticket-splitting has become the norm in American
  voting behavior.
  

6
The Party in the Electorate
7
The Party Organizations From the Grass Roots to
Washington

• These are the people that work for the party.
• Local Parties
• Party Machines A type of political party
  organization that relies heavily on material
  inducements to win votes and to govern.
  
• Patronage A job, promotion or contract given for
  political reasons rather than merit. Used by
  party machines.
  
• Now urban party organizations are generally
  weak.
  
• County organizations have partially filled the
  void.

8
The Party Organizations From the Grass Roots to
Washington

• The 50 State Party Systems
• Closed primaries voters must be registered with
  their party in advance and can only vote for that
  party
  
• Open primaries voters decide on election day
  which party to participate in, and then only that
  party
  
• Blanket primaries voters get a list of all
  candidates and can vote for one name for each
  office, regardless of party label
  
• State party organizations are on an upswing in
  terms of headquarters and budgets.

9
The Party Organizations From the Grass Roots to
Washington

• The National Party Organizations
• National Convention The meeting of party
  delegates every four years to choose a
  presidential ticket and the partys platform.
  
• National Committee One of the institutions that
  keeps the party operating between conventions.
  
• National Chairperson Responsible for day-to-day
  activities of the party.

10
The Party in Government Promises and Policy

• These are the party members actually elected to
  government.
  
• Candidates are less dependent on parties to get
  elected, but they still need help.
  
• Coalition
• A group of individuals with a common interest
  upon which every political party depends.
  
• Parties politicians generally do what they say
  they will do.

11
The Party in Government Promises and Policy
12
Party Eras inAmerican History

• Party Eras
• Historical periods in which a majority of votes
  cling to the party in power.
  
• Critical Election
• An electoral earthquake where new issues and
  new coalitions emerge.
  
• Party Realignment
• The displacement of the majority party by the
  minority party, usually during a critical
  election.

13
Party Eras inAmerican History

• 1796-1824 The First Party System
• Madison warned of factions
• First party were the Federalists
• 1828-1856 Jackson and the Democrats Versus the
  Whigs
  
• Modern party founded by Jackson
• Whigs formed mainly in opposition to Democrats

14
Party Eras inAmerican History

• 1860-1928 The Two Republican Eras
• Republicans rose as the antislavery party
• 1896 election revolved around the gold standard
• 1932-1964 The New Deal Coalition
• Forged by the Democrats - relied upon urban
  working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews,
  the poor, Southerners

15
Party Eras in American History

• Party Coalitions Today (Figure 8.2)

16
Party Eras in American History

• 1968-Present The Era of Divided Party
  Government
  
• Party dealignment - disengagement of people from
  parties
  
• Party neutrality - people are indifferent towards
  the two parties
  

17
Party Eras in American History

• Partisan Control of State Governments 2005
  (Figure 8.3)
  

18
Third Parties Their Impact on American Politics

• Political parties other than Democrat or
  Republican
  
• Rarely win elections
• Third parties bring new groups and ideas into
  politics
  
• Two-party system discourages extreme views

19
Third Parties Their Impact on American Politics

• Winner-take-all system
• Legislative seats awarded only to first place
  finishers.
  
• Proportional Representation
• Legislative seats awarded based on votes received
  by the party - more votes, more seats
  
• Coalition Government
• Two or more parties join to run government

20
Understanding Political Parties

• Democracy and Responsible Party Government
• 1. Parties have distinct comprehensive programs.
• 2. Candidates are committed to the program.
• 3. Majority party must carry out its program.
• 4. Majority party must accept responsibility.

21
Understanding Political Parties

• American Political Parties and the Scope of
  Government
  
• Lack of uniformity keeps government small
• But, it also makes cutting government programs
  harder to do

22
Understanding Political Parties

• Is the Party Over?
• Political parties are no longer the chief source
  of information for voters
  
• State and national party organizations are
  getting stronger
  
• Majority of people still identify with a party,
  but still split their tickets
  
• Parties will continue to be around