Implementation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

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Implementation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

• Richard T Jacobsen
• Vivek Utgikar
• October 25, 2007

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Fuel Cell Fundamentals
Anodic Reaction H2 ? 2 H 2 e-
Cathodic Reaction 1/2O2 2 H 2 e- ? H2O
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Hydrogen Powered Vehicles

• Auto companies poised to move from proof of
  concept to production of fuel cell vehicles
• Proof of Concept
• Higher hydrogen storage pressures10,000psiLonger
  ranges400 miles
• Fuel cell packaging, less hand assembly
• Freeze-start performance
• Profitability far in the future

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Hydrogen Vehicles from global auto makers

• General Motors
• Daimler-Chrysler
• Ford Motor Company
• Honda
• Toyota
• Hyundai
• Others..

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General Motors
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General Motors

• GM has placed a very high priority on fuel cells
  and hydrogen as the long-term power source and
  energy carrier for automobiles. We see this
  combination as the best way to simultaneously
  increase energy independence and security, remove
  the automobile as a source of emissions, and
  allow automakers to create better vehicles that
  customers will want to buy in high volumes.

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General Motors (cont.)

• GMs fuel cell program is focused on four areas
• Developing a fuel cell propulsion system that can
  compete head-to-head with internal combustion
  engine systems on performance, durability and
  cost.
• Demonstrating our progress publicly to let key
  stakeholders experience firsthand the promise of
  this technology.
• Collaborating with energy companies to ensure
  that safe, convenient, and affordable hydrogen is
  available to our customers, enabling rapid
  transformation to fuel cell vehicles.
• Working with governments worldwide to ensure that
  appropriate market conditions and incentives are
  in place to enable a successful market
  introduction and subsequent sustainable market
  expansion.

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General Motors (cont.)

• We are targeting to design and experimentally
  prove a system that has the performance,
  durability, and cost -- assuming scale volumes --
  of todays engine systems by 2010. We have made a
  major commitment to this effort and have spent
  more than 1 billion to date. Additionally, to
  achieve our ultimate vision of a hydrogen economy
  and hydrogen fuel cell-based transportation,
  about 700 GM scientists and engineers are working
  around the world on research and development
  activities in places like the U.S., Germany, and
  Japan. As a result, we are making great progress
  in developing the necessary technologies and are
  increasingly confident we will reach our goal.

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GM Sequel
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GM Sequel (cont.)

• Compressed hydrogen
• Gasoline-equivalent fuel efficiency is about 39
  mpg, or 5.7 liters per 100 km
• Technology Fuel cell and by-wire
• Overview The Sequel, about the size of a
  Cadillac SRX, is the first fuel cell vehicle
  that achieves 0-60 mph in under 10 seconds and
  has a 300-mile range.
• Other benefits include
• Unequaled control on snow and ice, or uneven
  terrain
• 42-percent more torque for unparalleled
  acceleration
• Shorter braking distance than an equal size
  vehicle

Sequels sophisticated by-wire system replaces
the mechanical and hydraulic linkages of
conventional vehicles with electrical wires and
actuators. This means fewer parts to wear out,
and because by-wire systems work like a fast
computer, Sequel has enhanced accelerating,
braking and overall handling. 
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GM Chevy Equinox

• Fuel Cell
• Compressed hydrogen  
•  
• Technology Fuel cell
• Overview Enabled by GMs fourth-generation fuel
  cell propulsion system, the Equinox Fuel Cell is
  a fully-functional crossover vehicle, engineered
  for 50,000 miles of life. Importantly, the
  Equinox Fuel Cell is able to start and operate in
  sub-freezing temperatures during its 50,000-mile
  life. It is expected to meet all applicable 2007
  U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, and
  is equipped with a long list of standard safety
  features while providing all of the environmental
  benefits of hydrogen fuel cell technology. The
  Equinox has a 200 mile range.

GM announced in September 2006 that it will build
more than 100 Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell
vehicles and will begin placing them with
customers in the fall of 2007, as part of a
comprehensive deployment plan dubbed Project
Driveway." Designed to gain comprehensive
learnings on all aspects of the customer
experience, Project Driveway constitutes the
first meaningful market test of fuel cell
vehicles anywhere and will be targeted in three
geographic areas California, the New York
metropolitan area and Washington D.C. 
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GM HydroGen3

• The vehicle, the latest in the HydroGen series,
  is based on the Zafira, a popular five-passenger
  vehicle from our Opel division in Germany.
• Range - 249 miles/400 km (liquid storage) 168
  miles/270 km (compressed)
• Top Speed 99 mph/160 km
• Liquid hydrogen powers the fuel cell stack, which
  supplies electricity to a battery, powering the
  vehicle and emitting only clean water.
• GM and Shell are partnering on a demonstration
  program in Washington D.C., with a fleet of GMs
  HydroGen3 fuel cell vehicles.
• GM partnered with FedEx in Japan under the Japan
  Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Demonstration Project.
• The HydroGen3 is part of the Clean Energy
  Partnership in Berlin.

• Technology Hydrogen Fuel Cell
• Overview The HydroGen3 fuel cell vehicle marks
  another important milestone along the way to
  fitting passenger cars with an environmentally
  compatible, resource-saving, fuel cell propulsion
  system.

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GM Hy-Wire

• Technology Fuel cell and by-wire
• Overview Named for its combination of hydrogen
  fuel cell and drive-by-wire technology, the
  Hy-wire incorporates the features envisioned in
  the AUTOnomy concept vehicle. All of its
  propulsion and control systems are contained
  within an 11-inch-thick skateboard-like chassis,
  maximizing the interior space for five occupants
  and their cargo.

This drivable prototype combines zero-emissions
with world-class fuel economy and the ability to
switch bodies to meet different needs.
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GM AUTOnomy

• Technology Fuel cell and by-wire (concept)
• Overview Designed from the ground up around a
  fuel cell propulsion system, the AUTOnomy is the
  first to combine fuel cells with x-by-wire
  technology, which allows steering, braking amd
  other vehicle systems to be controlled
  electronically, rather than mechanically.

Through the combination of fuel cell and
x-by-wire technology, design is no longer
restricted to conventional configurations.
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GM Chevy Volt

• GM will announce plans to produce a
  hydrogen-fueled version of the Volt concept
  vehicle introduced in January at the Detroit auto
  show. Like the original Volt, it would be a
  plug-in powered by a lithium ion battery, but the
  battery would be mated with a hydrogen fuel cell
  system rather than a small gasoline engine.
• The plug-in hydrogen Volt would have a 300-mile
  range with combined battery and hydrogen power.
  No petroleum products would be consumed and the
  vehicle would be emissions-free.

www.detroitnews.com
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Daimler-Chrysler
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Jeep Commander 2

• The Jeep Commander 2, a luxury-class Sport
  Utility Vehicle (SUV) powered by a fuel cell,
  demonstrates that this environment-friendly drive
  concept is also suitable for larger vehicles. The
  tank of this SUV is filled with methanol from
  which hydrogen is reformed on board the vehicle.

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Natrium

• The Natrium car is based on the Chrysler Town
  Country minivan. It is powered by sodium
  borohydride (NaBH4), a white salt whose molecules
  are relatively rich in hydrogen. With the help of
  a chemical catalyst, elementary hydrogen is
  produced, which provides the energy for the fuel
  cell. The Natrium has an operating range of 500
  km and accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h in 16
  seconds. It has a top speed of 129 km/h.

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Hermes Sprinter

• In 2001, DaimlerChrysler launched a cooperation
  with the Hamburg delivery company Hermes Versand
  Service to test the fuel cell Mercedes-Benz
  Sprinter in everyday commercial operation. The
  Mercedes-Benz van is fueled by gaseous hydrogen
  it has a range of about 150 kilometers and
  reaches a speed of 120 km/h with its 55 kW
  electric motor. The fuel cell technology does not
  restrict the load space of this van. In its first
  year of operation, the Sprinter covered more than
  16,000 kilometers and supplied 4,200 clients.

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Mercedes-Benz A-Class "F-Cell"
Christened "F-Cell", 60 of these cars from the
world's first small series of fuel-cell-powered
passenger cars were operated by customers in
cooperative ventures in Europe, the USA, Japan
and Singapore. From 2002 to 2007, several
customers took part in this project to test 60
F-cell A-Classes
under everyday operating conditions in their
respective geographic areas. One of these
customers is the car pool of the Federal
Chancellery in Berlin, Germany. Dr. Ewold Seeba,
Director of Department 1 in the Chancellors
Office, said, If we dont start trying to
reconcile our demand for universal mobility with
the need to protect the climate, well have no
globally applicable alternative to the car in the
coming decade. In other words, we should be
taking steps now to prepare new technologies for
market launch. The future needs pioneers.
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Mercedes-Benz A-Class "F-Cell(cont.)

• In the "F-Cell", the entire fuel cell system is
  accommodated in the sandwich floor of the
  long-wheelbase Mercedes-Benz A-Class. The
  development of fuel cell technology will be
  furthered mainly in practical operation involving
  extensive field testing.

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Ford Motor Company
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Ford
Ford first began working on hydrogen technology
in the early 1990s. Fords first hydrogen fuel
cell vehicle, released in 2001, was based on a
lightweight aluminum sedan body, which also was
used in the development of the companys first
hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine.
The company currently has a fleet of 30
hydrogen-powered Focus fuel cell vehicles on the
road as part of a worldwide, seven-city program
to conduct real-world testing of fuel cell
technology. The fleet has accumulated more than
300,000 miles since its inception. With this
fleet on the ground, a great deal of information
that can be integrated into future fuel cell
vehicle propulsion systems is being generated in
different local environmental conditions.
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Fords FreedomCAR

• Creating a Hydrogen-Powered Transportation
  System
• The "Freedom" in FreedomCAR represents the
  following
• Freedom from petroleum dependence
• Freedom from pollutant emissions
• Freedom to choose the vehicle you want
• Freedom to drive where you want and when you
  want
• Freedom to obtain fuel affordably and
  conveniently
• The "CAR" in FreedomCAR stands for Cooperative
  Automotive Research. The DOE and USCAR (a
  partnership of Ford Motor Company,
  DaimlerChrysler, and General Motors) represent
  the government and industry in FreedomCAR.
• The ultimate vision of FreedomCAR is a
  transportation system powered by hydrogen.

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Fords FreedomCAR (cont.)

• Demonstrating Hydrogen's Potential
• The demonstration program begins this year with
  the goal of validating hydrogen-powered vehicles
  and infrastructure in real-world operating
  conditions. We expect to participate in the
  demonstration with Ford Focus Fuel Cell Vehicles
  as the cornerstone of our participation.
• To ensure that interim progress towards improving
  energy efficiency continues, FreedomCAR also has
  active research programs in battery development,
  lightweight materials, clean combustion and power
  electronics.
• Currently, there are seven technical teams
  working on the FreedomCAR project
• Advanced Combustion and Emissions Control
• Electrochemical Storage
• Electrical and Electronics
• Fuel Cells
• Hydrogen Storage and Vehicle Interface
• Materials
• Systems Engineering and Analysis

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Ford Hydrogen Vehicles
Ford Edge Hydrogen Vehicle
Fuel Cell Powered Ford Explorer
Fords Hydrogen Fuel Cell Focus
2009 Hydrogen Ford Fusion
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Ford Airstream Concept
A shiny, hydrogen-powered PHEV funmobile

• The HySeries Drive is battery-powered, with
  plug-in capability and has a hydrogen fuel cell
  as an on-board charger. Ford estimates a combined
  city/highway gasoline equivalent fuel economy
  rating of 41 mpg. On all-electric power, the
  Airstream concept can go 25 miles. Add some
  hydrogen (ahh, if only it were so easy), and you
  can go another 280 miles. The fuel cell, made by
  Ballard, turns on automatically when the battery
  charge dips below 40 percent. With the on-board
  charger (110/220 VAC), the battery pack can be
  refilled at home. Ford says the HySeries Drive is
  50 percent smaller and less complex than
  conventional fuel cell system and should have
  more than double the lifetime.

HYSERIES DRIVE FORD CONCEPT FEATURES
BATTERY-POWERED, PLUG-IN HYBRID WITH A HYDROGEN
FUEL CELL
www.autobloggreen.com
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Other Automakers
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Honda FCX

• The FCX Concept is a key stage in Honda's
  development of fuel cell technology and will be
  the basis for a totally new fuel cell vehicle
  which the company is currently developing.
  Limited marketing of this new vehicle is on
  target to begin in 2008 in Japan and the U.S. and
  the focus will be to deliver a new dimension in
  environmentally friendly driving pleasure not
  found with petrol-engine vehicles.
• To meet Honda's objectives for significant gains
  in both environmental and driving performance,
  the FCX Concept is equipped with a V Flow fuel
  cell platform. In previous fuel cell stacks the
  hydrogen and the water formed in electricity
  generation flowed horizontally, this vehicle
  features a vertical-flow design.

This allows gravity to assist in discharging the
water that is produced, resulting in a major
improvement in water drainage - key to
high-efficiency fuel stack performance - and
achieving a higher output from a smaller
package. This new fuel cell stack is 20 percent
smaller and 30 percent lighter than the current
FCX FC Stack, yet its power output is 14kW
greater. The drive motor has been positioned
coaxially with the gearbox for a more compact
design, with output increased by 15kW.
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Honda FCX (cont.)

• Overall, the power plant is about 180kg lighter
  than that of the current FCX and about 40 percent
  smaller in volume. The V Flow fuel cell platform
  also has allowed the designers to create an
  elegant, low-riding, sedan form that would have
  been difficult to achieve in a conventional fuel
  cell vehicle. The result is improved energy
  efficiency and performance along with a more
  spacious interior.
• Low-temperature startup has also been
  significantly improved, enabling cold-weather
  starts at temperatures 10C lower than the
  current FCX- as low as minus 30C.
• As an auxiliary power source, the FCX Concept
  carries a compact, high-efficiency lithium ion
  battery, contributing to increased power output
  and a more compact power plant. These efficiency
  improvements to major power plant components give
  the vehicle a travel range approximately 30
  percent greater than the current FCX.
• Limited marketing of a totally new fuel cell
  vehicle based on the FCX Concept model is to
  begin in Japan and the US in a couple of years.

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Toyota FCHV-5
Toyota announced that an improved version of its
FCHV fuel cell hybrid vehicle successfully
completed a 560 km road test by traveling from
Osaka to Tokyo on a single fueling of hydrogen.
The entire trip was completed with the air
conditioner on and with no need to stop for
refueling.
The FCHV used in the trip is 25 more fuel
efficient than earlier versions, due to
improvements in the high-performance Toyota FC
Stack fuel cell and to improvements in the
control system for managing fuel cell output and
battery charging/discharging. It also features
70Mpa high-pressure hydrogen tanks capable of
storing approximately twice the amount of
hydrogen as the previous FCHVs 35Mpa
high-pressure hydrogen tanks. These improvements
make it possible to achieve a single-fueling
cruising distance of approximately 750km.
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Hyundai i-Blue Concept

• The i-Blue demonstrates a significant step toward
  commercialization of Hyundai fuel-cell vehicles,
  noting that for the first time its fuel-cell
  prototype is embodied in a 22 crossover vehicle
  instead of an SUV. The i-Blue is powered by a 100
  kW (134 hp) motor powered by a fuel cell. The
  automaker said it is capable of running nearly
  375 miles per refueling and has a maximum speed
  of 102.5 mph.

www.edmunds.com
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Hydrogen Vehicles

• HYDROGEN CARS
• Audi A2H2 CarBMW HR2 Race Car BMW Hydrogen 7
  Daihatsu Tanto FCHVFiat Panda Concept Ford
  Airstream Concept Ford Explorer Fuel Cell Ford
  Flexible Series Edge Ford Focus FCV Ford Model
  U Ford Super Chief Truck Giugiaro Vadho GM
  Chevy Equinox FC GM Chevy Volt

HYDROGEN CARS (cont.) GM Electrovan GM H2H
Hummer SUT GM Hy-wire Concept GM HydroGen
MinivanGM Sequel ConceptHonda FCX Hyundai
i-Blue Hyundai Tucson FCEV Kia Sportage FCEV
Mazda 5 Premacy RE Mazda RX-8 REMercedes
B-Class F-CellMercedes F600 HygeniusMitsubishi
Nessie SUV
HYDROGEN CARS (cont.) Nissan X-Trail FCV
Peugeot 207 Epure Suzuki Ionis MiniThink FC5
CarThink Nordic CarToyota FCHV SUVToyota
Fine-T (Fine-X)Volkswagen HyMotion OTHER H2
VEHICLES ETH Zurich PAC-Car IIIntelligent
Energy ENVPeugeot Citroen QuarkQuantum Aggressor
www.hydrogencarsnow.com
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Hydrogen Implementation
Source General Motors Corporation
Home Hydrogen Unit Just another home appliance?
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Hydrogen Implementation

• Vancouver Hydrogen highway infrastructure
• In operation by 2010 Winter Olympics

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Hydrogen Implementation

• March 2007--California Hydrogen highway
  infrastructure
• 24 existing stations
• 170 stations in operation by 2010
• Over 167 cars in operation

Image take from California Fuel Cell
Partnership www.cafcp.org/fuel-vehl_map.html Upda
ted 3/2007
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Hydrogen Implementation

• Liquid Fuels
• Carbon sequestration is less necessary
• Costs are competitive with gasoline production
• Combining carbon and hydrogen using proven
  processes with credible cost data
• Synfuels from coal--Separating C from flue gases
  of coal plantsFischerTropsch reaction
• Synfuels based on the olefin moleculegas and
  diesel fuel
• Gasification of carbon in fossil fuelsreact with
  H2

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Hydrogen Implementation

• Storing Hydrogen for the future
• Metal Hydridespowdered or granulated metals, e.
  g. magnesium hydride
• Complex Hydridesaluminum, boron, sodium,
  magnesium
• Carbon nanotubes
• Porous-walled, hollow glass microspheres

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Supplier and Consumer Concerns

• Safety?
• Efficiency?
• Costs of buying and selling?
• Solution Well designed and optimized
  engineered systems.

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Design of Hydrogen Systems

• Requires accurate properties of hydrogen
• Custom experimental measurements are generally
  not practical
• All thermodynamic properties from an Equation of
  State (EOS)
• All transport properties from a separate
  formulation
• EOS and transport formulations accurately
  represent published experimental data

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Questions?
Source General Motors Corporation
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