WORLD WAR II

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WORLD WAR II

• CHAPTER 20

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Mobilizing For War

• U.S. began to convert the economy to war
  materials
• American workers were twice as productive as
  German and five times that of Japanese
• Henry Stimson - Sec. of War

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Converting the Economy

• Cost - plus contracts -- Gov. would pay cost and
  of profits (no bids - too slow)
• RFC - made loans to companies to convert
• 1942 -- most were converted
• Tanks replace cars -- auto industry was easy to
  convert
• Liberty Ship -- basic cargo ship used during the
  war
• War Production Board -- controlled war materials

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WOMEN IN WORLD WAR II

• Women and minorities had a very large role in the
  War effort.
• Womens army auxiliary corp
• Oveta Culp Hobby
• -- first woman director

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BUILDING AN ARMY

• Selective Service and Training Act-- first peace
  time draft
• --set up after France surrendered to Germany
  (1940)
• G.I. - Government Issue
• Double V campaign -- newspaper said that blacks
  should join the war for 2 reasons
• 1. Against racism at home
• 2. Against Hitler abroad

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BLACKS IN WORLD WAR II

• TUSKEGEE AIRMEN --99th pursuit squadron African
  American Air force unit that trained in Tuskegee,
  Alabama
• 761st TANK BATTALION -- black unit under General
  Patton and fought the Battle of the Bulge
• 614th TANK BATTALION -- awarded 8 silver stars,
  28 bronze stars, and 79 purple hearts

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THE EARLY BATTLES - sect. 2

• PACIFIC
• Chester Nimitz -- commander of the U.S. navy in
  the Pacific
• Philippines -- shortly after
• Pearl Harbor the Japanese
• took these islands
• Douglas MacArthur -- had to flee
• To Australia, but promised to
• return

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WAR IN THE PACIFIC

• Days after Pearl Harbor the Japanese were able to
  advance in SE Asia but soon the tide of the war
  would change in favor of the U.S.

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Battle of the Philippines

• Allied troops defending the Philippines held out
  as long as they could but eventually they were
  captured (April 9, 1942)
• Bataan Death March -- 78,000 POWs marched 65
  miles to a Japanese POW camp
• Thousands died during the march
• Others fled to Corregidor island

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Turning Point in the Pacific

• June 4, 1942 - Midway
• U.S. broke codes and waited for attack, shot down
  38 planes
• Allowed the U.S. to counterattack
• Admiral Yamamotos plan failed

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Turning Point in Europe

• Stalingrad (1942)
• --city in the Soviet Union
• 91,000 Germans surrendered in house to house
  combat
• George Patton -- commander of ground forces in
  North Africa
• Dwight D. Eisenhower --overall commander in North
  Africa
• Erwin Rommell Desert Fox- German commander in
  North Africa

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Life on the Home Frontsect. 3

• WWII helped end the Depression - 19 million new
  jobs
• Rosie the Riveter - campaign to hire women during
  WWII
• A. Philip Randolph - head of union for African
  American R.R. workers
• Forced Roosevelt to create the Fair Employment
  Practices Commission - hire more blacks

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More on sect. 3

• Bracero Program - worker brought 200,000
  Mexican workers to help harvest fruits and veg.
• Many people headed West and South for work -
  Sunbelt
• 2 million people lived in Gov. housing
• Racism became a large problem
• Great Migration - blacks moving out of the
  south
• Zoot suits - suits became popular with Mexican
  Americans

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More on racism

• Zoot suit riots - sailors attacked Mexican
  teenagers, LA banned suits
• Despite that -500,000 Hispanics joined the war
  effort
• Feb. 19, 1942 - Roosevelt said U.S. cities could
  be war zones and relocated people of Japanese
  ancestery
• Internment - Gov. took businesses held 120,000
  people
• 442nd Regimental Combat Team - all Japanese
  Battalion in WWII, highest decorated
• JACL - Japanese American Citizens League - help
  interned Japanese (received 20,000 in 1988)

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Daily Life

• Office of Price Administration (OPA) - Gov.
  regulated prices to control inflation
• Began rationing - limiting availability of
  products (meat, sugar, gasoline, rubber, etc.)
• Blue coupons - controlled processed foods
• Red Books - controlled meats, fats and oils
• Victory Gardens - plant gardens in every spare
  area
• War Bonds - (E bonds) - pay 18.75 and in 10
  years get 25 back from the Gov.

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Pushing The Axis Back- sect. 4

• Bombing On Germany stepped up in
• 1943-1945 53,000 tons a month
• Northern Africa, Sicily, and Italy
• Eisenhower -- supreme commander
• Bernard Montgomery -- British General
• Patton -- ground force (tanks)
• Sicily July, 1943 -- amphibious landing
• Moved on to Italy
• Mussolini was removed and eventually killed
• Sept. 1943 Italy surrenders

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D- DAY

• Operation Overlord -- D-Day
• Largest amphibious landing in history
• Across the English channel into France

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D- DAY

• June 6, 1944
• Eisenhower was commander of Operation Overlord
• Allies landed on 5 beaches (Omaha, Utah, Sword,
  Juno, and Gold)
• 7,000 troop carriers -- carrying 100,000 men
• 23,000 paratroopers dropped inland 30 miles

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Pacific

• Guadalcanal -- island in the Pacific, important
  allied victory to get MacArthur back
• Leyte Gulf -- largest naval battle in history
• Japan used kamikazes for the first time
• Battle for the Philippines
• 80,000 Japanese killed
• 100,000 Filipino killed

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Third Reich Collapses - sect. 5

• 8/25/44 After D-Day Americans are able to take
  back France
• 12/16/44 Battle of the Bulge -- Hitlers one
  last offensive
• Goal -- to cut off allied supply lines to Belgium
• Patton brought in reinforcements -- 100,000
  German casualties
• At the same time Germans were pushing into Poland
• Allies met outside Berlin, Germany 1945

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Timeline

• 4/12/45 -- FDR dies of a stroke
• Harry S. Truman becomes President
• 4/30/45 -- Hitler and Eva Braun married the day
  before they committed suicide
• 5/7/45 -- Germany unconditionally surrendered
  to the allies
• 5/8/45 VE Day (victory in Europe)

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Back to the Pacific

• 1944 -- B-29s bombed Tokyo
• Curtis Lemay --commander of the B-29s
• Came up with the idea of using napalm (jellied
  gasoline)
• Manhattan Project -- American program to start
  building the atomic bomb
• Headed by Leslie Groves
• Los Alamos, New Mexico -- secret society to build
  the bomb
• J. Robert Oppenheimer -- head

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Atomic Bomb

• Aug. 6, 1945 -- bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan
• Little Boy
• Aug. 9, 1945 --
• Bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan
• Fat Man
• 150,000 - 200,000 people killed instantly

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End of the War

• 8/15/45 -- VJ Day
• United Nations began in 1945
• -- 50 countries came to the U.S. for peace
• International Military Tribunal
• Nuremberg trials -- tried German leaders for war
  crimes
• 22 prosecuted -- 12 sentenced to death