By: Maysam Saidi for Technical Language Seminar

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By Maysam Saidifor Technical Language Seminar

• Airplane

Spring 2007
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• The dream of flying is as old as mankind itself.
  However, the concept of the airplane has only
  been around for two centuries. Before that time,
  men and women tried to navigate the air by
  imitating the birds. They built machines with
  flapping wings called ornithopters. On the
  surface, it seemed like a good plan. After all,
  there are plenty of birds in the air to show that
  the concept does work.

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• The trouble is, it works  better at bird-scale
  than it does at the much larger scale needed to
  lift both a man and a machine off the ground. So
  folks began to look for other ways to fly.
  Beginning in 1783, a few aeronauts made daring,
  uncontrolled flights in lighter-than-air
  balloons, but this was hardly a practical way to
  fly. There was no way to get from here to there
  unless the wind was blowing in the desired
  direction.

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Wilbur WrightAmerican Co-Inventor of theFirst
Successful Airplane1867 - 1912
Orville WrightCo-Inventor of the First
Successful Airplane 1871 - 1948
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Driving Force
Propulsion
Propulsion
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Propulsion Driving Force

• Some types of aircraft, such as the balloon or
  glider, do not have any propulsion. Balloons
  drift with the wind, though normally the pilot
  can control the altitude either by heating the
  air or by releasing ballast, giving some
  directional control (since the wind direction
  changes with altitude). For gliders, takeoff
  takes place from a high location, or the aircraft
  is pulled into the air by a ground-based winch or
  vehicle, or towed aloft by a powered "tug"
  aircraft. Airships combine a balloon's buoyancy
  with some kind of propulsion, usually propeller
  driven.

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• Until World War II, the internal combustion
  piston engine was virtually the only type of
  propulsion used for powered aircraft. The piston
  engine is still used in the majority of aircraft
  produced, since it is efficient at the lower
  altitudes(height) used by small aircraft, but the
  radial engine (with the cylinders arranged in a
  circle around the crankshaft) has largely given
  way to the horizontally-opposed engine (with the
  cylinders lined up on two sides of the
  crankshaft). Water cooled V engines, as used in
  automobiles, were common in high speed aircraft,
  until they were replaced by jet and turbine
  power. Piston engines typically operate using
  avgas or regular gasoline, though some new ones
  are being designed to operate on diesel or jet
  fuel. Piston engines normally become less
  efficient above 7,000-8,000 ft (2100-2400 m)
  above sea level because there is less oxygen
  available for combustion to solve that problem,
  some piston engines have mechanically powered
  compressors (blowers) or turbine-powered
  turbochargers or turbonormalizers that compress
  the air before feeding it into the engine these
  piston engines can often operate efficiently at
  20,000 ft (6100 m) above sea level or higher,
  altitudes that require the use of extra oxygen or
  cabin pressurization

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Airplane Factories
Concord
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• A cooperative project between Aerospatiale (of
  France) and British Aerospace, the Concord was
  the only operating commercial supersonic
  airliner. It was first flown in 1968 and was
  operated by both Air France and British Airways
  before stopping service in 2003.

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• Fokker, one of the world's oldest aircraft
  manufacturers, first began manufacturing planes
  in Germany in 1912. In 1922 Oakley Kelly and John
  McReady made history by flying an 11-seat Fokker
  F4 non-stop coast-to-coast across the United
  States. Amelia Earhart flew a Fokker plane in
  1928 when she became the first woman to fly over
  across the Atlantic.

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Fokker 100
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• Born in Russia in 1888, Andrei Nikolaevich
  Tupolev, often referred to as the father of
  Russian aviation, went on to design aircraft that
  earned Russia worldwide acclaim for their
  pioneering contributions to aviation in the
  1920s, '30s, and '40s. Tupolev started his career
  as an aircraft designer as a student of the
  Russian aviation pioneer Zhukovski. In 1918, he
  was put in charge of TsAGI (Central Aero- and
  Hydrodynamics Institude). In 1922, Tupolev was
  given his own aircraft firm. Throughout its
  existence, Tupolev designed and built an enormous
  number of various aircraft.

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The Tu-154, designed for medium to long-range
routes and rough airport conditions, entered
service in 1968. Since then, over 1,000 have been
built, most of which remain in active service.
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• Airbus Industrie was formed in 1970 as a
  multinational effort between Germany, England and
  France to create a high-capicity twin-jet
  transport (this developed into the A300). Today
  Airbus Industrie has become the world's second
  largest manufacturer of civil airliners which
  seat over 100 passengers. In it's first 25 years
  Airbus has sold over 2,100 aircraft, with more
  than 1400 in service worldwide. The consortium is
  headquartered in southwest France near the city
  of Toulouse and owned by Europe's four leading
  aerospace companies (Aerospatiale of France,
  Daimler-Benz Aerospace Airbus of Germany, British
  Aerospace, and Casa of Spain).

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• William E. Boeing produced his fist two BWs (a
  single- engine seaplane) in 1916 and the
  following year, the U.S. Navy ordered 50 of
  Boeings next model (the two- seat model C
  trainer)to serve in in World War I. Boeing
  continued to make airplanes, both commercial and
  military, producing such famous models as the Pan
  American "Clipper" flying boat and the
  "Stratoliner" (first pressurized cabin). In World
  War II, Boeing became an integral part of the
  allied effort by building the B-17 and B29
  bombers. In the post-war era, Boeing continued
  making military aircraft such as the B-47 and
  B-52 bombers but also recognized the huge market
  for commercial jet aircraft and thus developed
  the 707 which would help revolutionize air
  travel. Today, with jets in operation for
  carriers in 120 different countries, Boeing is
  best known as the world's largest manufacturer of
  commercial aircraft. The Boeing company is
  headquartered in Seattle, Washington and employs
  approximately 120,000 people. In recent years,
  Boeing has consistently been one of the top three
  exporters in the United States.

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• Thanks for your attention