Cell Biology1

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Cell Biology

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  should only be used for educational purposes
  (Fair Use Policy)

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Notes

• Matter the stuff things are made of
• has mass (measured by weight)
• occupies space.
• composed of tiny particles called atoms.

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Matter exists in three states

• Solid a rigid substance with a definite shape
• Liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape
  of its container
• Gas takes the shape and volume of its container

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Notes

• Element substance that contains only one type of
  atom
• Ex. gold contains only gold atoms.
• cannot be broken down chemically into simpler
  substances

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Periodic Table

• The periodic table shows all the elements
  discovered so far

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C
Carbon
12.011
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Notes

• Atom smallest particle of an element

Hydrogen atom (H)
Oxygen atom (O)
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Notes

• Molecule smallest particle of a compound made
  of two or more atoms

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Notes

• Compound substance made of molecules
• can be chemically broken down into elements

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Whats the difference between an element and a
compound?
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Properties of Matter

• The following characteristics define the type of
  substance (element or compound)
• Boiling Point
• Freezing/Melting Point
• Color
• Texture
• etc.

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Notes

• Inorganic compounds do not have carbon
• NO3
• H2O
• CO2 - an exception

• Organic compounds have carbon
• C3H6O3
• CaCOOH
• NaCO3

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Notes

• Bonds shared electrons that store energy
• Connect atoms together

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Chemical Reaction Demo

• What are your observations before the reaction?
• What are your observations after the reaction?

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Chemical Reaction
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Indications of a Chemical Reaction
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Notes

• Chemical reaction bonds between atoms form or
  break apart
• Reactants what the reaction starts with
• Products what the reaction ends up with
• For example, 2H2 O2 gt 2H2O
• reactants products

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Notes

• Monomer one unit of one type of molecule
• Polymer a molecule made of a chain of monomers

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Notes

• 4 major types of organic macromolecules
  (polymers) that reside in all organisms
• Protein
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic Acids

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Notes

• Protein
• Its monomer is amino acid
• Examples are muscle, hair, antibodies, hormones,
  enzymes

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Notes

• Lipids
• Fats and oils
• Its monomer is fatty acids and glycerol
• Have high energy
• Water insoluble (does not mix with water)
• Examples are
• cholesterol, wax,
• steroids,
• hormones,
• phospholipids

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Notes

• Carbohydrates
• Also known as polysaccharides
• Its monomer is the simple sugar (monosaccharide)
• Examples are sugar, starch, cellulose

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Notes

• Nucleic Acids
• Used for genetic material
• Examples are DNA RNA
• Its monomer is the nucleotide

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Notes

• Catalysts are substances that speed up
  biochemical reactions.
• decrease activation energy (start up energy for
  the reaction)
• increase reaction rate

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Notes

• Enzymes protein catalysts
• structure allows only certain reactants to bind
  to the enzyme.
• Substrates (reactants)
• Active site (place on enzyme where substrates
  bind to)

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Notes

• Enzymes
• Are not used up in the reaction they affect (are
  re-used)
• Used to break down molecules such as proteins,
  lipids, and carbohydrates

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Notes

• Several conditions affect enzyme activity
• Temperature
• Low temperatures decrease activity
• High temperatures denature (change the shape of)
  enzymes, making them useless. This stops all
  activity.
• Ratio of enzyme to substrate concentration
• Ionic conditions
• pH

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pH

• Is pH important? You bet if the pH of your blood
  drops below 6.8 or rises above 8.0, your death
  will result.

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Notes

• pH measurement of hydrogen ion (H)
  concentration when dissolved in water.

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Notes

• An acid releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves
  in water.
• high H concentration
• pH less than 7

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Notes

• A base removes hydrogen ions from a solution.
• low H concentration
• pH greater than 7

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Notes

• A neutral solution has a pH of 7.
• Living systems normally exist near the neutral pH
  range

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Notes

• Viruses
• Made of DNA or RNA (genetic material) and a
  protein coat.
• non-living
• can infect many organisms

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Virus Structure
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Viruses infect host cells
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Some viruses can invade into cell
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Notes

• Examples
• Common cold
• HIV

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Notes

• The smallest unit of life is the cell

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Notes

• Unicellular Organisms

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Notes

• Multicellular Organisms

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Muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Stomach
Digestive system
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Notes

• Cell
• there are 2 major types
• Prokaryote
• Eukaryote
• There are 2 types
• Animal Cells
• Plant Cells

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Prokaryotic Cell
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Notes

• Prokaryote (prokaryotic cell)
• has no nucleus
• Usually are bacteria
• Do not have membrane-bound organelles.

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Most prokaryotes are bacteria
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Prokaryotic Cell Structure
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Notes

• Some bacteria cause disease.
• by invading tissues or making toxins.

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Notes

• Other bacteria are beneficial

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Bacteria on a Pin
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Size Comparison
1 nanometer (nm) one billionth of a meter
100 nm
eukaryotics cells10,000-100,000 nm
viroids5-150 nm
viruses50-200 nm
prokaryotics cells200-10,000 nm
prion2-10 nm
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Notes

• Eukaryote (eukaryotic cell)
• has a nucleus.
• has membrane-bound organelles

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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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Notes

• Organelles structures within cells that help
  maintain the cells

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Notes

• Cell membrane
• Composed of phospholipids that form a
  semipermeable bilayer
• controls passage of materials

outside cell
inside cell
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Notes

• Cytoskeleton
• supports and shapes cell
• positions organelles

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Notes

• Cytoplasm
• The fluid of the cell

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Notes

• Genetic Material
• Stores information about the organism

Nucleosome
Chromosome
DNA double helix
Coils
Supercoils
Histones
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Notes

• Nucleus (nuclei)
• Stores genetic information

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Notes

• Ribosomes
• Link amino acids to form proteins.

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Notes

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Folds proteins made by ribosomes
• Transports proteins to Golgi apparatus
• Transports materials within the cell
• 2 kinds
• Rough ER has ribosomes
• Smooth ER doesnt have ribosomes

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Notes

• Golgi Apparatus (body)
• Packages materials in the cell

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Notes

• Vesicles
• sacs that hold materials

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Notes

• Mitochondrion (mitochondria)
• supply energy to the cell
• changes chemical energy into usable energy for
  the cell

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Notes

• Vacuoles
• sacs that hold mainly water

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Notes

• Lysosomes
• contain enzymes to digest material

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Notes

• Centrioles
• form cilia and flagella
• help divide DNA
• Found only in animal cells

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Notes

• Cell Wall
• provides rigid support
• Found only in plant cells

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Notes

• Chloroplast
• Convert solar energy to chemical energy
• Found only in plant cells

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cytoplasm
Genetic Material (DNA)
Genetic Material (DNA)
(Eukaryotic) Plant Cell
(Eukaryotic) Animal Cell
cytoplasm
lysosome
Prokaryotic Cell
cell
Genetic Material (DNA)
ribosome
cytoplasm
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Under the Microscope
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Nucleus
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Notes

• Concentration the amount of a substance in
  relation to another substance in an area or
  volume
• Concentration gradient A difference in the
  concentration of a substance across a space
• Equilibrium a condition in which the
  concentration of a substance is equal throughout
  a space.

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Demonstration

• Concentration and diffusion observation.

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Notes

• Cell Membrane
• other molecules are embedded in the membrane
• Is semipermeable
• Some molecules can cross the membrane while
  others cannot.

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Notes

• Passive transport cellular transport that does
  not require energy
• molecules move from areas of high concentration
  to low (moving down a concentration gradient)
• Diffusion
• Osmosis
• Facilitated diffusion

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Notes

• Diffusion process which molecules move from
  areas of high concentration to low

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Notes

• Osmosis diffusion of water

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Notes

• Facilitated Diffusion
• Diffusion through transport proteins.
• Because some molecules cannot easily diffuse
  across the cell membrane.

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Notes

• Active Transport Cellular transport that
  requires energy
• molecules move from areas of low concentration to
  high (moving up the concentration gradient)
• Types are
• Channel Pumps
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

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Notes

• Channel Pumps protein channels that pump
  particles across cell membrane from low
  concentration to high

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Notes

• Phagocytosis Cell engulfs food particles or
  other cells

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Notes

• Endocytosis Cell engulfs food particles or liquid

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Notes

• Exocytosis cell releases materials

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Osmosis
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Notes

• ATP the cells battery and energy currency
  (where cells store energy)
• ADP P energy ? ATP

ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
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Energy

• Look at this image of a biologist approaching a
  campsite in the African savanna. In this scene,
  energy is being transformed in various ways. How
  many examples can you spot?

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Notes

• Cellular Respiration
• Process where organisms change organic compounds
  (food, sugar) into ATP
• Occurs in both plants and animals
• Occurs in and near the mitochondria

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Notes

• The equation for the overall process is
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2
  6H2O ATP
• glucose (sugar) oxygen gas Carbon dioxide
  water energy

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Notes

• Photosynthesis
• Process where plants absorb energy from sunlight
  and store it in sugar as its food
• Occurs in chloroplast
• chlorophyll absorbs energy
• There are 2 Phases
• Light-dependent reaction
• Light-independent reaction

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Notes

• The equation for the overall process is
• 6CO2 6H2O sunlight ? C6H12O6
  6O2
• Carbon dioxide water energy
  glucose (sugar) oxygen gas
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
  opposite reactions.