Look out for

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Look out for 1and there is no 2Ethical
Egoism
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Ethical Egoism

• Selfishness is extolled as a virtue
• Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness
• May appeal to psychological egoism as a
  foundation
• Often very compelling for high school students

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Versions of Ethical Egoism

• Personal Ethical Egoism
• I am going to act only in my own interest, and
  everyone else can do whatever they want.
• Individual Ethical Egoism
• Everyone should act in my own interest.
• Universal Ethical Egoism
• Each individual should act in his or her own
  self interest.

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Arguments for Ethical Egoism

• There are at least three principal arguments in
  support of ethical egoism
• Altruism is demeaning.
• Acting selfishly creates a better world.
• It doesnt result in such a different world after
  all.

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Altruism Is Demeaning

• Friedrich Nietzsche and other philosophers argued
  that altruism was demeaning because it meant that
  an individual was saying that some other person
  was more important than that individual.
  Nietzsche saw this as denigrating oneself,
  putting oneself down by valuing oneself less than
  the other. This, the heart of altruism, is
  demeaning in Nietzsches eyes.

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Acting Selfishly Creates a Better World

• Ethical egoists sometimes maintain that if each
  person took care of himself/herself, the overall
  effect would be to make the world a better place
  for everyone.
• Epistemological Each person is best suited to
  know his or her own best interests.
• Moral Helping others makes them dependent, which
  ultimately harms them.
• Reply this justification ultimately appeals to
  utilitarian principles, not the principles of
  ethical egoism.

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Ethical egoism doesnt result in such a different
world after all.

• This argument presupposes the people in fact
  already act selfishly (i.e, psychological egoism)
  and are just pretending to be altruistic.
• If psychological egoism is true, then we should
  admit its truth and get rid of our hypocrisy.
• Reply it may not make a big difference in a
  world of independent adults, but in a world with
  children and people at risk or in need, they
  would be put in further jeapordy.

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Criticisms of Ethical Egoism

• Cannot be consistently universalized
• But see Kalin This works in sports.
• Presupposes a world of strangers indifferent to
  one another.
• Difficult to imagine love or even friendship from
  the altruists standpoint.
• Seems to be morally insensitive

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Universalizing Ethical Egoism

• Can the ethical egoist consistently will that
  everyone else follow the tenets of ethical
  egoism?
• It seems to be in ones self-interest to be
  selfish oneself and yet get everyone else to act
  altruistically (especially if they act for your
  benefit). This leads to individual ethical
  egoism.
• Some philosophers such as Jesse Kalin have argued
  that in sports we consistently universalize
  ethical egoism we intend to win, but we want our
  opponents to try as hard as they can!

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Ethical Egoism a philosophy for a world of
strangers

• Some philosophers have argued that ethical egoism
  is, at best, appropriate to living in a world of
  strangers that you do not care about.

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Ethical Egoism and Friendship

• Can ethical egoists be good friends?
• If friendship involves (among other things) being
  concerned about other people for their own sake,
  then this seems something beyond the reach of the
  egoist.
• Ethical egoists can help their friends if they
  believe there is a long-term payoff for doing so.

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Ethical Egoism and Moral Sensitivity

• Can the ethical egoist be sensitive to the
  suffering of others?
• Such sensitivity seems to presuppose caring about
  other people for their own sake.
• Moral sensitivity presupposes that the suffering
  of others exerts a moral pull on the
  individualsomething that the ethical egoist does
  not recognize.

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The Truths in Ethical Egoism

• Sometimes self-interest masquerades as altruism
• Ethics should not deny the importance of
  self-interest
• Self-love is a virtue, but it is not the only
  virtue. Ethical egoism mistakes a part of the
  picture for the whole picture

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Egoism, Altruism, and the Ideal World
AristotleTocquevilles Self-interest rightly
understood

• Ideally, we seek a society in which self-interest
  and regard for others convergethe green zone.
• Egoism at the expense of others and altruism at
  the expense of self-interest both create worlds
  in which goodness and self-regard are mutually
  exclusivethe yellow zone.
• No one want the red zone, which is against both
  self-interest and regard for others.