ppt

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(No Transcript)
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Objectives
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Statement of the problem
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Hypothesis
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Plant description
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Significance of the study
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Protocol

• EUTHANASIA
• Cervical Dislocation
• To do this, forceps are placed across the back of
  the neck, and the body of the animal is pulled by
  the tail up and away from the head. 
• Decapitation
• Decapitation is done either with a specially
  constructed guillotine or with a pair of stout
  scissors. 

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• Chemical
• Chemical methods include injection of an overdose
  of pentobarbital (double or four times strength
  solutions, 130 g 240 g per 1000 ml) or other
  anesthetic given I.V.
• Carbon dioxide used in a closed chamber is widely
  used for destroying laboratory rodents, inhalant
  anesthetics, like either, can also be used.

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WASTE DISPOSAL

• Dead animals, excreta, bedding, and other wastes
  should be collected in leak proof containers with
  disposable liners and tight lids.
• Biomedical wastes such as syringes, needles,
  empty bottles of drugs should be disposed
  properly.
• Urine and feces could be collected through the
  use of metabolic cages.

• Urine and Feces Collection

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ANATOMY OF THE RAT

• Digestive System
• Oral cavity or mouth
• Structures associated with the mouth teeth,
  cheeks, tongue, hard palate, soft palate
• Salivary glands
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small and large intestine duodenum, jejunum,
  ileum, cecum, colon, rectum
• Liver
• Pancreas

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Respiratory System

• External nares
• Nasopharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs

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• Lymphatic System
• Spleen
• Lymph nodes
• Cardiovascular System
• Aorta
• Cranial Vena Cava
• Caudal Vena Cava
• Heart
• Atria left and right
• Ventricle left and right

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• Urinary System
• Kidneys left and right
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Endocrine System
• Adrenal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid gland
• Pancreas
• Testes
• Ovaries

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• Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries
• Fallopian tube
• Uterus
• Vagina
• External genitalia
• Mammary gland

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• Male Reproductive System
• Testes
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Penis
• Accessory sex glands
• Prostate
• Seminal vesicle
• Ampullary gland
• Coagulating gland
• Bulbourethral

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Handling test Animals

• Handling
• All handling should be firm but gentle. Animal
  sensing nervousness on the part of the handler is
  more likely to struggle.

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Ways to pick up the mouse from the cage

• 1. With the use of a rubber-tipped forceps pick
  the mouse at the base of the tail or at the loose
  skin at the back of the neck.
• 2. By grasping the base of the tail of the
  mouse between your thumb and forefinger.

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Basic method for holding mice

1. Place the mouse on a rough surface to which it
   can cling.
2. With one hand, grasp the tail of the mouse, and
   with the other hand, gently but firmly grasp the
   loose skin at the base of the neck, and carefully
   gather the slack skin between the thumb and
   forefinger.
3. Lift the mouse and secure the tail between the
   small finger and the palm of the hand or between
   the small and middle fingers,leaving

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Route of administration

• Operators not used to handling animals may find
  it necessary to have an assistant hold and
  restrain the animal while the treatment is given.

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Intraperitoneal

• Needle used 23- to 27- gauge
• for rodents, introduce the needle at a shallow
  angle. (about 10 ?) slightly to the left or right
  of the ventral ,midline of the abdomen at the
  cranial aspect of the lower abdominal quadrants.

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• SUBCUTANEOUS
• Needle used for mice and rats 26- gauge 3/8
  to 1/2 length
• Dorsolateral areas of the neck and shoulder are
  the preferred injection sites.

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Intramuscular

• Needles of similar size to those used for
  Sc injections are needed.
• The posterior thigh muscles (gluteal muscles of
  the hind limb) are the usual sites.

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Intravenous

• Mice and Rats
• Needle 26 to 27- gauge, 3/8 -1/2
• For mice and rats, the lateral
  tail,saphenous or metatarsal veins are preferred.
  The rodent is restrained in a special plastic
  shield and the tail passed through a slot.

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Oral

• Polyethylene stomach tubes of
  approximately 20-gauge, attached to a hypodermic
  needle and syringe are used.
• A special long hypodermic needle with a
  bulb soldered at the end may also be used. This
  cannula is inserted into the mouth and gently
  slid over the tongue and pushed downward it
  should slide easily into the esophagus, after
  which it can be pushed into the stomach.

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• If there is any resistance,the cannula
  should be withdrawn and another attempt made to
  find the esophageal opening.
• Volume guidelines for oral and parenteral
  Administration of Solutions and Test Agents to
  Laboratory Rats
• Gavage
• Ideal 10
• Limit 20-50
• IV
• Ideal 1- 5
• Limit 10-20

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• IP
• Ideal 5-10
• Limit 10 -20
• SC
• Ideal 1
• Limit 10-20
• IM
• Ideal 0.1-1
• Limit 1-10