Unit III: Breaking

1
Unit III Breaking Remaking the Nation (12 -
17)

• History 1301 US History Part I
• Dr. Carol A. Keller

2
Unit III Overview

• Pursuit of Perfection
• The Old South
• The Age of Expansion
• The Sectional Crisis
• Secession War
• Reconstructing the Nation

The First Vote Harpers Weekly November 16, 1867
3
Unit III The Republic Transformed (12 - 17)

• Global Events
• Global Transformations
• Political revolts
• Industrialization Imperialism
• wars and immigration
• Slavery and the global economy
• The drive for colonies
• Democratic Ideology Slavery
• A Failed Republic?

Revolution in Vienna - 1848
4
Pursuit of Perfection (12)

• Lyman Beecher and his family

5
Learning Outcomes Perfectionism

• Understand the relationship between religious
  awakening and reform
• Be able to explain the changing social role for
  women in the 1830s and 40s
• Have the ability to identify the major
  humanitarian movements and their consequences

6
The Fires of Perfection

• Preview The Second Great Awakening unleashed a
  cascade of reform during the 1820s and
  1830s.Some reformers withdrew from everyday life
  to create utopian communities others sought
  humanitarian reforms such as temperance,
  educational improvement, womens rights, andmost
  disruptive to the political systemthe abolition
  of slavery.
• The Highlights
• Revivalism and the Social Order
• Womens Sphere
• American Romanticism
• The Age of Reform
• Abolitionism
• Reform Shakes the Party System

7
Revivalism and the Social Order

• Finneys New Measures
• Charles Grandison Finney becomes the leading
  minister of the Second Great Awakening
• Emphasis on the conversion experience
• The Philosophy of the New Revivals
• Free will and perfectionism underscore a message
  of optimism

8

• Religion and the Market Economy
• Market eras rapid changes spur many people to
  turn toward evangelism
• Finneys Rochester revival (1830-31) brings order
  to a chaotic city
• Revivalism appeals to the middle class as well as
  to the working class
• The Rise of African American Churches
• Independent black churches become prevalent
• African Methodist Episcopal Church becomes the
  most important black church

9
As a result of the Second Great Awakening, the
dominant form of Christianity in America became
evangelical Protestantism.

• The Significance of the Second Great Awakening
• Evangelicalism bolsters individualism equality

10
Womens Sphere

• Women Revivalism
• Womens roles in the Awakening leads to change in
  their social lives
• The Ideal of Domesticity
• Market growth put pressure on
• traditional womens roles
• sisterhood fuels reform movements
• Domesticity prevalent in Europe, too
• The Middle-Class Family in Transition
• 25 decline in the birthrate, 1800-1850
• Educational opportunities increase
• for middle-class families

11
American Romanticism

• Emerson Transcendentalism
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• American Transcendentalist
• Emphasize feeling over reason
• Romanticism
• The emergence of a
• distinct American literature

12
American Romanticism

• The Clash between Nature Civilization
• James F. Cooper emphasizes the wilderness
• Thoreau emphasizes individualism

James Fenimore Cooper
Henry David Thoreau
13

• Songs of the Self-Reliant Darker Loomings
• Walt Whitman embraces
• the variety in
• American society

Walt Whitman 1870
1840
14

• Songs of the Self-Reliant Darker Loomings
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
• rejects the fervent
• American belief
• that the past
• can be escaped

15

• Songs of the Self-Reliant Darker Loomings
• Herman Melville writes about natures destructive
  power

Sign for Melvilles home
16
The Age of Reform

• Utopian Communities
• Shaker movement the Second Great Awakening
• The Oneida Community complex marriage

Utopian communities aimed at reforming the world
through example. They looked to replace the
competitive individualism of American society
with a purer spiritual unity and group
cooperation.
17

• The Mormon Experience
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
  founded by Joseph Smith
• Movement to restore the ancient church
• City of Zion Nauvoo, Illinois
• 1846 Mormons left Nauvoo with Brigham Young and
  arrived in Utah
• Socialist Communities
• Robert Owen and New Harmony, Indiana
• Brook Farm, Massachusetts organizer George Ripley

18
Reform

• The Temperance Movement
• Attack on drinking by the American Temperance
  Society
• Broad long appeal of the temperance movement
  results in success
• Educational Reform
• Common school movement
• More prevalent female education
• The Asylum Movement
• Dorothea Dix the insane

19
Abolitionism

• The Beginnings of the Abolitionist Movement
• William Lloyd Garrison founds The Liberator
  (1831)calls for immediate abolition
• Free blacks organize to oppose colonization
• Slavery seen as a moral evil

20

• The Spread of Abolitionism
• Abolitionists concentrate in the Northeast
• Lane Seminary rebellion in 1834 a result of
  abolitionist fervor reaction to it
• Many black abolitionists such as Sojourner Truth
  and David Walker important in the movement
• Opponents Divisions
• Divisions among abolitionists grow out of
  disagreements over how best to end slavery
  reform society

21
When abolitionists divided over the issue of
female participation, women found it easy to
identify with situation of slaves, since both
were victims of male tyranny.

• The Womens Rights Movement
• Seneca Falls Convention (1848) raises the stature
  of the womens rights movement
• Few victories prior to 1860
• The Schism of 1840
• Division to allow female officeholders in the
  American Anti-Slavery Society causes a split in
  the abolitionist movement

22
Reform Shakes the Party System

• Women the Right to Vote
• Participation in reform movements does not lead
  to suffrage for women
• The Maine Law
• 1851 first law prohibiting liquor sales passes
  in Maine
• Other states follow, but most laws struck down by
  courts

23
After two decades of fiery revivals, benevolent
crusades, utopian experiments, and Transcendental
philosophizing, the ferment of reform had spread
through urban streets, canal town churches,
frontier clearings, and the halls of Congress.

• Abolitionism the Party System
• 1835 censorship of abolitionist mailings
  provokes nationwide controversy
• gag rule in 1836 tables petitions dealing with
  slavery in the House of Representatives
• Liberty Party founded as the political arm of the
  abolitionist movement

24
Pursuit of Perfection

• Revivalism to Reform
• "I will be as harsh as truth, and as
  uncompromising as justice...I am in earnest I
  will not equivocate - I will not excuse I will
  not retreat a single inch AND I WILL BE HEARD."
• William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator,
  Vol. 1, No. 1

William Lloyd Garrison with Fanny Garrison Villard
25
Pursuit of Perfection (12)

• Reform turns radical
• Womens Rights
• Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
• Romanticism
• The Cult of Domesticity
• Domesticity in Europe
• Marriage sex roles
• The discovery of Childhood
• Fads Fashions
• Regaining Community

Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Private Concert Dress London 1830s
26
Keywords and Terms

• Phrenology
• Robert Owen
• James Fenimore Cooper
• Herman Melville
• Trancendentalism
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Grimke sisters
• John Humphrey Noyes
• Shakers
• Theodore Dwight Weld
• Utopianism

• Charles G. Finney
• Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
• Lyman Beecher
• Dorothea Dix
• Frederick Douglas
• Elijah Lovejoy
• Catherine Beecher
• Horace Mann
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Lucretia Mott
• Temperance Society
• Henry David Thoreau
• Walt Whitman

27
Learning Outcomes Perfectionism

• Understand the relationship between religious
  awakening and reform
• Be able to explain the changing social role for
  women in the 1830s and 40s
• Have the ability to identify the major
  humanitarian movements and their consequences