drug abuse

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ANALYSIS OF DRUG ABUSE
By
T.Shiva kumar Shiva.pharmacist_at_mail.com
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DEFINITION

• DRUG ABUSE Drug abuse is relatively an old term
  which describe inappropriate excessive or
  persistent misuse of a drug behind the medical
  needs, usually at the cost of ones health and
  deviates from approved medical or social partners
  of norms with in a given culture.
• Drug abuse misuse abuse improper or excessive
  use
• Ex alcohol abuse

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CHARACTERS AND FACTORS OF DRUG ABUSE

• An over powering desire(compulsion) to continue
  taking the drug in spite of knowing its harmful
  effects.
• A tendency to increase the dose.
• A high tendency to withdrawl.
• Factors which facilitate initiation of drug
  abuse
• Ready availability of drugs as in case of doctors
  and medical students.
• General public acceptance of the use of mood
  modifiers such as alcohol.
• Increasing mobility particularly of youth.
• An abundance of information about drug effect and
  sources.
• Lack of adequate publicity given to harmful
  effects of these agents, and
• Unstable or broken homes, socio-cultural pressure
  social ills

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Classification of different drugs

• 1)Narcotics
• 2)CNS depressants
• 3)CNS stimulants
• 4)Hallucinogens
• 5)Cannabis preparations

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NARCOTIC DRUGS

• The group of such drugs are morphine,codeine,heroi
  n, methadone, meperidine (pethidine).
• Sources of narcotic drugs
• They are obtained
  from capsules of opium (poppy) seeds.
•  
•  
• Effects of narcotic drugs
• These drugs cause
  stimulation of vagal centers occulomotor centers,
  vomiting centets and cause euphoria. These drugs
  cause depression of pain sensitivity, anxiety,
  cough centers respiration. Withdrawl of
  narcotic drugs produces time dependent adverse
  effects. After 8-12 hrs of narcotics produce
  lachrimation,persipiration yawning. After 12-14
  hrs there may be loss of sleep following by
  dilated pupils, anorexia, restlessness,
  irritability,tremors.

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CNS DEPRESSANTS

• Barbiturates(pentobarbitone)
• Barbiturates like drugs(methaqualon)
• Alcohol(beer,wine,rum,vodka etc,)
• Alcohol like drugs(chloral hydrate)
• Minor tranquilizers(diazepam)
•  
• Effects of CNS depressants
• 
  These drugs causes anti anxiety,leading to
  sedation,leads to hypnosis,coma and finally may
  terminate death. There effects are dependent on
  dose and route of administration. These drugs are
  generally used as sedative, hypnotics,
  anticonvulsants or as muscle relaxants. Withdrawl
  symptoms of CNS depressants are also time
  dependent.
•  
• With in 12-16hrs with drawl of
  CNS depressants result in restlessness,anxity,weak
  ness,cramps,neauseadays convulsion may be
  produced .After 4-7 days patient feels
  delirium,agitatinhyperthermia

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CNS STIMULANT

• Cocaine and amghetamine are commonly abused CNS
  stimulants.
• In moderate doses these produce
  arousal,aleartness,decresed apetite,wakefulnessin
  crease senses of energy.
• In very high dose either orally
  or by I.V route they intense pleasurable
  feelings. Its toxic relacation include
  hallucination ,delusion necrosis psychotic
  behaviour.

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HALLUCINOGENS

• This class of drugs include LSD(Lysergic-acid-diet
  hyl-amide),psilocybinmescaline.
• Effects of hallucinogens
• They produce hallucination,pleasure
  delusion pupil dilation, tracycardia,increase
  body temperature,increase pulse rate
  respiratiory rate .They also produce alteration
  in time sense,colour perceptionlossof
  limitations.
• Cannabis preparation are also
  hallucinogens.These preparations are obtained
  from the dried flowering tops of
  plants,cannabis,sativa,its different
  preparations are as followes.
• Hashish(Arab)
• It is pure resin
  obtained from the tops of female hemp plants.
• Charas(India)
• It is obtained from
  flowers beads.
• Bhang(India) It is obtained from dried matured
  leaves of plants.
• Ganga(India) It is also obtained from flowering
  tops.
• Marijuana(Mexican cannabis) It is entire plant
  with variable portion. Commonly refered to as THC.

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SOLVENT SNUFFING

• The group of such solvents that are un knowingly
  inhaled are as follows plastic cements,
  nailpolish remover, carbon tetra chloride,
  gasoline, toluene, xylene, benzene, acetone,
  alcohol.
• Effects of these solvents are
  depression psychotometic actions. Their
  immediate effects are light headed euphoria,
  hallucination,drowsiness, sedation coma.

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TOBOCCO

• Nicotine is active ingrident in tobacco. Nicotine
  stimulates various parts of nervous system.
  Followed by depression.
• It causes constriction of
  peripheral vessels, elevation of blood pressure
  and long term effects of these drugs are loss of
  weight increase incidences of heart attacks, lung
  cancer decreased life span is dose related in
  irritability, agresivness, difficulty in
  concentrations depression

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COMMON TYPES OF DRUG TESTS

• Adrug test is a technical analysis of biological
  specimen for example
• Urine drug screen
• Hair testing
• Saliva drug screen
• Sweat drug screen
• Blood

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URINE DRUG SCREEN

• The first step at the testing site is to split
  the collected urine sample into two aliquots. One
  aliquot is first screened for drugs using an
  analyzer that performs immunoassay as the
  initial screen. If the urine screen is positive
  then another aliquot of the sample is used to
  confirm the findings by gas chromatography mass
  spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology. If requested by
  the physician or employer, certain drugs are
  screened for individually these are generally
  drugs part of a chemical class that are, for one
  of many reasons, considered more abuse-prone or
  of concern. For instance, this is, due to their
  wide recreational usecitation needed(much more
  than similar drugs), done to oxycodone and
  diamorphine, both sedative analgesics. If such a
  test is not requested specifically, the more
  general test (in the preceding case, the test for
  opiates) will detect the drugs, but
• the employer or patient will not have the benefit
  of the identity of the drug.

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HAIR TESTING

• Hair drug testing can detect drug use over a much
  longer period of time,
• which is often used for highly safety-critical
  positions where there is zero tolerance of drug
  usage.
• Standard hair follicle screen covers a period
  of30 to 90 days. The growth ofhair is usually at
  the rate of 0.5 inches per month. The hair sample
  is cut close to the scalp and 80 to 120 strands
  of hair are needed for the test. In the absence
  of hair on the head, body hair can be used as an
  acceptable substitute

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SALIVA DRUG SCREEN

• Saliva / oralfluid-based drug tests can
  generally detect use during the previous few
  hours to 12 days. THC may only be
• detectable for less than 12 hours in most cases.
  On site drug tests are allowed per the Department
  ofLabor.
• Detection in saliva tests begins almost
  immediately upon use ofthe following substances,
  and lasts for approximately the
• following times
• Alcohol624 h
• NOTESaliva tests are poorly sensitive to THC and
  detection times can vary considerably based on
  the cutoffs used.
• some cases drug use may only be detectable for a
  few hours.
• Adulteration products are readily available on
  the Internet to avoid oralfluid detection

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SWEAT DRUG SCREEN

• Sweat are patches attached to the skin to collect
  sweat over a long period of time (14 Hours).
  These are almost exclusively
• used by child protective services, parole
  departments, and other government institutions
  concerned with drug use over long
• periods, when urine testing is not practical

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BLOOD

• Drug-testing a blood sample measures whether or
  not a drug or a metabolite is in the body at a
  particular time. These types
• of tests are considered to be the most accurate
  way oftelling if a person is intoxicated. Blood
  drug tests are not used very
• often because they need specialized equipment and
  medically trained administers. These factors make
  it a more costly testing
• method.
• Depending on how much marijuana was consumed, it
  can usually be detected in blood tests within six
  hours of consumption.
• After six hours has passed, the concentration of
  marijuana in the blood decreases significantly.
  It generally disappears
• completely after 22 hours

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THANK YOU

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