Socialization and Development

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Chapter 4

• Socialization and Development

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Chapter Outline

• Becoming a Person Biology and Culture
• The Concept of Self
• Theories of Development
• Early Socialization in American Society
• Adult Socialization

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Socialization

• Social interaction that teaches the child the
  intellectual, physical, and social skills needed
  to function as a member of society.
• Each child slowly acquires a personality the
  patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and
  feeling that are distinctive for each individual.

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Becoming a Person Biology and Culture

• Every human being is born with a set of genes,
  inherited units of biological material.
• The Human Genome Project found that humans have
  about 30,000 genes.
• Genes influence the chemical processes in our
  bodies and control some of these processes.
• Most of our body processes, are the result of the
  interaction of genes and the environment
  (physical, social, and cultural).

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Becoming a Person Biology and Culture

• Height depends on the genes that control the
  growth of your legs, trunk, neck, and head and
  also on the amount of protein, vitamins, and
  minerals in your diet.
• Genes help determine blood pressure, but so do
  the amount of salt in your diet, the frequency
  with which you exercise, and the amount of stress
  under which

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Sociobiology

• Discipline using biological principles to explain
  the behavior of social animals and humans.

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Deprivation and Development

• Human infants need more than just food and
  shelter if they are to function effectively as
  social creatures.
• Children who arent provided physical, mental, or
  emotional stimulation often develop attachment
  disorderthey re unable to trust people and to
  form relationships with others.

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The Concept of Self

• An awareness of the existence, appearance, and
  boundaries of ones own body.
• The ability to refer to ones own being by using
  language and other symbols.
• Knowledge of ones personal history.

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The Concept of Self

• Knowledge of ones needs and skills.
• The ability to organize ones knowledge and
  beliefs.
• The ability to organize ones experiences.

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The Concept of Self

• The ability to take a step back and
• look at ones being as others do
• evaluate the impressions one is creating
• understand the feelings and attitudes one
  stimulates in others.

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Piagets Stages of Development

• Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)
• Infant relies on touch and the manipulation of
  objects for information about the world, slowly
  learning about cause and effect.
• Preoperational stage (about age 2)
• Child begins to learn that words can be symbols
  for objects. The child cannot see the world from
  another persons point of view.

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Piagets Stages of Development

• Operational stage (age 7 to about age 12)
• The child begins to think with some logic and can
  understand numbers, shapes, and spatial
  relationships.
• Formal, logical thought (adolescence)
• People at this stage are capable of abstract,
  logical thought are able to anticipate
  consequences of their actions.

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Moral Development

• Research suggests that not every person is
  capable of thinking about morality in the same
  way.
• Just as our sense of self and our ability to
  think logically develop in stages, our moral
  thinking develops in a progression of steps as
  well.

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Kohlbergs Stages of Morality

• Stage 1. Orientation toward punishment.
• Stage 2. Orientation toward reward.
• Stage 3. Orientation toward possible disapproval
  by others.

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Kohlbergs Stages of Morality

• Stage 4. Orientation toward formal laws and fear
  of personal dishonor.
• Stage 5. Orientation toward peer values and
  democracy.
• Stage 6. Orientation toward ones own set of
  values.

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Cooleys Looking-Glass Self

• The process through which we develop a sense of
  self
• We imagine how our actions appear to others.
• We imagine how other people judge these actions.
• We make a self-judgment based on the presumed
  judgments of others.

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Meads Stages of Development

• The self develops in three stages
• Preparatory stage - The child imitates the
  behavior of others.
• Play stage - The child begins to formulate role
  expectations playing house, cops and robbers,
  etc.
• Game stage - The child learns there are rules
  that specify the proper and correct relationship
  among the players.

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Freuds View of the Self

• The self has three separately functioning parts
• id - the drives and instincts every human
  inherits, but which remain unconscious for the
  most part.
• Superego - societys norms and moral values as
  learned primarily from our parents.
• ego - tries to mediate in the eternal conflict
  between the id and the superego, and to find
  socially acceptable ways for the ids drives to
  be expressed.

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Eriksons Stages of Human Development

• Human development is accomplished in 8 stages.
• Each stage amounts to a crisis brought on by two
  factors
• Biological changes in the developing individual.
• Social expectations and stresses.

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Eriksons Stages of Human Development

• At each stage, the individual is pulled in
  opposite directions to resolve the crisis.
• The individual resolves the conflict at each
  stage somewhere toward the middle of the opposing
  options.

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Eriksons Eight Stages of Human Development
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Eriksons Eight Stages of Human Development
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Eriksons Eight Stages of Human Development
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Daniel Levinson

• Proposed that adults are faced with new
  developmental tasks throughout their lives and
  working through these challenges is the essence
  of adulthood.
• Both men and women go through the same periods of
  adult development, although there are differences
  due to external and internal constraints.

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Question

• Freud's part of the self that represents
  society's norms and moral values is the
  _________________ .

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Answer superego

• Freud's part of the self that represents
  society's norms and moral values is the superego.

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Question

• According to Erikson, the conflict to be resolved
  during adolescence is
• industry vs. inferiority.
• identity vs. role confusion.
• intimacy vs. isolation.
• autonomy vs. shame.

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Answer B

• According to Erikson, the conflict to be resolved
  during adolescence is identity vs. role confusion.

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Question

• Of the socialization theories, which one do you
  think offers the best explanation for why people
  develop as they do?
• Mead
• Coffman
• Cooley
• Freud
• Piaget

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Agents of Socialization

• The Family
• The School
• Peer Groups
• The Mass Media and Socialization

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Question

• Which agent of socialization do you think is the
  most responsible for gender differences in how
  males and females are socialized?
• The family
• Religion
• The peer group
• Education
• Mass media

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Primary Child-Care Arrangements For Preschool
Children
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Controversies in Sociology Is Day Care Harmful
to Children?

• Higher-quality day care is related to
• Better mother-child relationships
• Lower probability of insecure attachment in
  infants of mothers low in sensitivity
• Fewer reports of childrens problem behaviors
• Higher cognitive performance of children
• Higher language ability of children
• Higher level of school readiness

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Controversies in Sociology Is Day Care Harmful
to Children?

• Poor-quality day care produces
• Less harmonious mother-child relationships
• Higher probability of insecure mother-child
  attachment in infants of mothers already low in
  sensitivity.
• More problem behaviors, lower cognitive and
  language ability, and lower school-readiness
  scores

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The Mass Media

• 98.2 of all households in the U.S. have
  television sets, with an average of 2 sets per
  home.
• Schoolchildren watch an average 2 1/2 hours of
  television on school days and 4 hours and 20
  minutes on weekends.
• By the time most people reach the age of 18, they
  will have spent more waking time watching
  television than doing anything else.

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Question

• Which media source do you think has the strongest
  impact on attitudes and behaviors of your
  generation?
• Advertising
• Television
• Music and music videos
• The Internet
• Magazines

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Primary Socialization

• Primary socialization means individuals have
• Learned a language and can think logically.
• Accepted the basic norms and values of the
  culture.
• Developed the ability to pattern behavior in
  terms of these norms and values.
• Assumed a culturally appropriate social identity.

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Adult Socialization

• The process by which adults learn new statuses
  and roles.
• Differences from primary socialization
• Adults are much more aware than young people are
  of the processes through which they are being
  socialized.
• Adults often have more control over how they wish
  to be socialized and therefore can generate more
  enthusiasm for the process.

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Resocialization

• Exposure to ideas or values that in one way or
  another conflict with what was learned in
  childhood.

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Factors In Effective Resocialization

• Isolation from the outside world.
• Spending all of ones time in the same place with
  the same people.
• Shedding individual identity by giving up old
  clothes and possessions for standard uniforms.
• A clean break with the past.
• Loss of freedom of action.

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Total Institutions

• Environments such as prisons or mental hospitals
  in which the participants are physically and
  socially isolated from the outside world.

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Question

• Which of the following is an example of a total
  institution?
• prison
• public school
• the family
• local church

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Answer A

• A prison is an example of a total institution.

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Quick Quiz
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• 1. The process of learning the skills needed to
  function as a member of society is
• development.
• socialization.
• social identity acquisition.
• personality acquisition.

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Answer B
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• 2. Our own distinctive patterns of behavior and
  ways of thinking and feeling are our
• social identity.
• personality.
• social status.
• social attachment.

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Answer B

• Our own distinctive patterns of behavior and ways
  of thinking and feeling are our personality.

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• 3. The stage at which a child relies on touch and
  manipulation of objects for information is the
  ________ stage.
• preoperational
• sensoroimotor
• formal operational
• operational

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Answer B

• The stage at which a child relies on touch and
  manipulation of objects for information is the
  sensoroimotor stage.

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• 4. According to Mead, the stage in the
  development of the self where we learn the
  expectations, positions and rules of society at
  large is the
• preparatory stage.
• play stage.
• game stage.
• generative stage.

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Answer C

• According to Mead, the stage in the development
  of the self where we learn the expectations,
  positions and rules of society at large is the
  game stage.

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• 5. According to Erik Erikson, human development
  is
• completed by age 4.
• completed by age 2.
• completed by age 21.
• a lifelong process.

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Answer D

• According to Erik Erikson, human development is a
  lifelong process.