Chapter 8: Nationalistic and Endemic Terrorism

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Chapter 8Nationalistic and Endemic Terrorism
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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Cyprus

• Cyprus 1955-1959
• Claimed by Britain as a crown Colony after WW I.
• Greek and Turkish Cypriots had different ideas
  about a post-colonial future for the island.
• George Grivas, a Greek Cypriot
• Organized a Greek Cypriot movement EOKA to
  overthrow the British.
• Developed a two fold strategy
• Encourage international sympathy for an
  independent Cyprus
• Fight the British by tying up large numbers of
  troops in an urban environment

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism

• Cyprus 1955-1959
• The British
• Responded with overwhelming force to EOKA attacks
• Negotiated independence for the island
• The island was ultimately partitioned into Greek
  and Turkish communities

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Algiers

• The Battle for Algiers 1954-1962
• France had ruled Algeria since the 19th century.
• After World War II
• Algerians hoped to negotiate a peaceful
  separation from France.
• When the French refused independence, the
  Algerian National Front was formed.
• The French responded with a brutal
  counterinsurgency campaign.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism

• The Battle for Algiers 1954-1962
• The French campaign mobilized the native
  population against French rule and provoked
  strong protests in France.
• Algeria received its independence in 1962 after
  the French lost their taste for a dirty war.
• David Galula
• French counterinsurgency strategist
• Opposed the French approach
• His work has been influential in shaping
  counterinsurgency doctrine in the United States
  in the 21st century.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Kenya

• The Mau Mau in Kenya 1950-1960
• Kenya after WW I
• The British solidified colonial rule in Kenya and
  displaced local farmers and providing land to
  European farmers.
• The Kikuyu people of Kenya created the Mau Mau
  organization that advocated violent resistance to
  British domination in Kenya.
• British respond with force, violating the United
  Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights.
• Killings, tortures
• Creation of concentration camps

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism Kenya

• Differed in important ways from the movements in
  Cyprus and Algeria
• It was rural.
• It was based in tribal rites and ceremonies which
  sought to unify the community.
• Violence was typically marked by massacres.
• The British used overwhelming military force,
  including mass detention and torture.
• The Mau Mau insurgents suffered the majority of
  casualties.
• The movement was destroyed, but the result was
  many of the reforms the Mau Mau had been seeking.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism The
Russian Federation

• The Russian Federation
• Breakaway States and Crime
• Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, three
  new nations Moldova, Georgia, and Azerbaijan
  have spawned internal separatist movements.
• Organized crime thrives in these shell states.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Chechenya

• Chechnya
• Annexed to Russia in 1859.
• Considered a nationalist revolt
• International jihadists have rallied to the
  Chechen cause.
• Key Chechen leaders
• Shamil Basayev
• Ibn al Khattab
• After their death Chechen violence has continued
• Major attacks inside Russia and former Soviet
  Republics
• Chechens have used suicide bombing
• Women bombers, Black Widows

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Turkey

• Turkey
• Turkey was established as a secular republic in
  1923.
• It is a member of NATO and has recognized the
  State of Israel.
• Turkey looks to Europe for economic and cultural
  reasons, but Europe has resisted welcoming Turkey
  into the European Union.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism Turkey

• Turkeys Struggle with Terrorism
• Turkish Hezbollah (unrelated to the Lebanese
  Shiite group) seeks to establish an Islamic
  state.
• El Kaida Turka, an al Qaeda offshoot, attacked
  Western interests, but their tactics backfired,
  with Turkish citizens demanding a government
  crackdown on the group.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Kurdistan

• The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and Its Alter
  Egos
• The PKK seeks an independent Kurdistan, including
  lands that are currently parts of Turkey, Iraq
  and Iran.
• Initially, the PKK sought to conduct a guerilla
  war, but with low popular support for its Marxist
  principles, turned to campaigns of terrorism.
• Large scale massacres of the Kurdish population
  turned public sentiment away from the PKK, who
  turned its attention on security targets by the
  1990s.
• The group has changed its political stance as
  well, downplaying Marxist-Lenninist theory and
  emphasizing Muslim texts to justify revolt
  against the secular government of Turkey.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism China

• Chinas Problems in Xinjiang
• The Uighars, ethnic Turkmen, who live in
  Xinjiang, seek to restore an Islamic state in
  that Province.
• China links the Uighars interests to those of
  international jihadists, but the majority of
  militants are not jihadists.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism India

• Sikh Separatism in India
• The Sikhs, whose religion embodies elements of
  Hinduism and Islam, sought an independent state
  in Punjab following the partition of India and
  Pakistan in 1947.
• Following an Indian government attack on the
  Golden Temple, (1984) a sacred site to Sikhs,
  small groups of Sikhs formed terrorist cells.
• In response, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
  was assassinated by his Sikh bodyguards.
• After a period of intense terrorist activity,
  violence decreased without a resolution in the
  political situation.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Africa

• Endemic Ethnic Terror in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Endemic terrorism refers to terrorism created by
  artificial division of tribes, families and
  ethnic groups.
• Countries were established by colonial European
  powers without regard to tribal and ethnic
  groupings.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Conclusion

• Following decolonization, many countries have
  experienced inter-group terrorism including
  ethnic cleansing, child armies and wars waged by
  self appointed militias.
• Africas status as the most poverty stricken
  region in the world and poor health conditions,
  including the effects of the AIDS pandemic, have
  made it difficult to focus on terrorism on the
  continent.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism Oil
Regions

• Oil Regions
• In the oil regions of Western Africa, terrorism
  should be considered a potential problem.
• Governments and rebel groups vie for control in
  these countries, and criminal organizations are
  in league with corrupt governments.
• Liberia experienced two violent civil wars which
  destabilized the country.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism Oil
Regions

• Nigeria is economically important to the united
  States because it currently provides 7 of its
  oil supply.
• The country is sharply divided between a Muslim
  north and a Christian south. While there is no
  evidence of jihadist cells currently in the
  country, the potential is there.
• The tradition of rule by a Big Man poses
  potential problems for diplomacy in Central and
  western Africa because other countries can enter
  into alliances with autocratic and corrupt rulers.

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Post World War II Anti-Colonial Terrorism
Conclusion

• The United States, Britain and France have
  followed different patterns of post 9/11
  diplomacy.
• The United States has focused on cooperation in
  the war on terror.
• Britain has focused on a moral and humanitarian
  approach.
• France has maintained a special military unit,
  the African Cell, to militarily support big men,
  overthrow governments and protect French
  interests.