Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 17 The US Navy from the Maritime Strategy
  to 9/11, 1981-2001
• (This presentation is a work in progress)

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Learning Objectives

• Comprehend the policy goals of the Reagan defense
  buildup and the internal political situation that
  permitted it. This includes the Goldwater-Nichols
  Act (1986) and its effect on the navy.
• Comprehend the trends of public commitment during
  the period from 1980 to 1989 relative to the
  support for defense budgets, force deployments,
  and administration policies.
• Know the essential elements of the Maritime
  Strategy (1986).
• Know the possible causes of the Iraqi invasion of
  Kuwait in 1990 and the US reactions to it.

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Learning Objectives

• Know Iraqi military capabilities prior to the
  invasion.
• Know the elements of the coalition force for
  Desert Shield and Desert Storm (1990-1991).
• Comprehend the roles of the US Navy and US
  Marine Corps in Desert Shield and in the air,
  maritime and ground operations of Desert Storm.
• Comprehend the national strategic implications of
  the end of the Cold War and its effects on the US
  Navy,

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Learning Objectives

• Comprehend the role of the US Navy in regional
  conflicts, including post-Gulf War Iraq,
  Yugoslavia, Somalia, and Afghanistan.
• Begin to comprehend the nature of joint
  operations in the post-Cold War era.
• Comprehend the changes in naval policy and
  technology of the 1990s and will know how to
  evaluate their relevance to post-9/11 navy.

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Iran Hostage Wrap-Up

• Hostages released on January 20, 1981, shortly
  after Reagan inauguration.
• Where we once had an ally, we now had in Iran a
  vital enemy.
• So we picked up a new friend...

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IRAQ

• Supported Iraq in Iran-Iraq War 1980 - 1988
• USS Stark - May 1987
• USS Vincennes - July 1988

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Reagan Foreign Policy

• Soviets are bad guys bent on world domination.
• We must build our military to combat communists
  and terrorists.

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Reagan and Soviet Diplomacy

• Increased military spending (e.g., SDI)
• Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan

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REAGAN DEFENSE BUILDUPNaval Expansion under
Secretary of the Navy John F. Lehman, Jr.
(1981-1987)

• Rickover firing
• Revamping U.S. Naval Strategy
• Establishment of the Navy Policy Board
• The Maritime Strategy
• Interventionism, Peacekeeping and Responses to
  Terrorism
• Strategic Reorientation

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The Maritime Strategy

• Product of the Policy Board
• Main Tenet 600-ship Navy with carrier battle
  groups as centerpiece
• Offensive outlook
• Forward-deployed forces

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Criticisms to the Maritime Strategy

• Could be very costly in terms of carrier and
  aircraft losses.
• Difficult to keep SLOCs open with bulk of fleet
  concentrated for the forward offensive battle.
• Potentially provocative in destabilizing nuclear
  balance thereby, triggering nuclear exchange.

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Interventionism-Peacekeeping and Responses to
Terrorism

• This gave Lehman an opportunity to test and
  refine the naval doctrine
• Peace-Keeping in Lebanon
• Beirut Bombing
• Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury)
• Hijacking of TWA 847
• Achille Lauro hijacking
• Gulf of Sidra attack by USAF and USN
• Raid on Libya- Operation Eldorado Canyon
• Tanker War
• Operation Praying Mantis

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Above President Reagan at Memorial Service for
Marines killed in Beirut To the right
President Reagan drafts his speech for Beirut
policy.
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Strategic Reorientation

• Nature In reaction to defeat in Vietnam and its
  debilitating aftermath, the Reagan administration
  proclaimed that henceforth the U.S. would only
  fight when its national interests were clearly at
  stake, and it would apply overwhelming force
  rather than commit a limited force in increments

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STRATEGIC LEGACY OF REAGAN 1. GOLDWATER-NICHOL
S 2. WEINBERGER DOCTRINE 3. POWELL DOCTRINE
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Strategic Legacy of Reagan

• Weinberger Doctrine
• Be reluctant to employ force, but then use only
  overwhelming force
• Powell Doctrine
• CJCS Colin Powell, same as Weinberger
• Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reorganization Act
• Elevated CJCS to principle military strategist
  for the nation, 1986

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The Immediate Post-Lehman Navy(1987-1991)

• The Navy continued to be built around the
  big-deck carrier.
• Navy continues to be dominated by the carrier
  aviation and nuclear submarine communities.
• Question for the 1990s What was the proper
  size and composition of the surface fleet in an
  era of shrinking appropriations?
• Desert Shield/ Desert Storm (1990, 1991)

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Operation Desert Shield(Defense of Saudi Arabia)

• U.S. National Policy Objectives
• Withdrawal from Kuwait
• Restoration of Kuwaits legitimate government
• Security and stability of Saudi Arabia and the
  Persian Gulf
• Safety and protection of the lives of American
  citizens abroad
• Repayment of war reparations
• Destruction of weapons

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Naval Role in Desert Shield

• Initial deterrent to invasion of Saudi Arabia.
• Maritime Intercept Operations (MIO)
• United Nations-approved blockade of trade with
  Iraq.
• Sealift - Maritime Pre-positioning Ships (MPS)
• 95 of all equipment moved into theater by the
  sea.
• Air strikes against Iraqi forces achieved air
  supremacy.
• Ready Reserve Fleet ships Six carrier battle
  groups (CVBGs) and two battleship battle groups
  (BBBGs).
• Marine forces
• SEAL Teams

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Operation DESERT STORMThe Mother of all battles
has begun.- Saddam Hussein

• Four-phased campaign
• Phase 1- Strategic Air campaign
• Phase 2- Air supremacy in theater
• Phase 3- Battlefield Preparation
• Phase 4- Offensive ground campaign

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Air Campaign

• Commenced 17 Jan 1991
• Naval
• Tomahawks (52)
• Three carriers
• Air superiority in the first hours of war

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Maritime Campaign

• Phase 1 and 2
• Participate in air and establish sea control
• Phase 3
• Attack ground forces w/ Aircraft and naval
  Gunfire
• Phase 4
• All of the above and amphibious feints, demos,
  prepare assaults

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ASUW

• 143 Iraqi naval vessels destroyed/damaged
• All Iraqi ports/bases damaged
• All northern Persian Gulf oil platforms secured
• No attacks by Iraqi surface ships on coalition

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Countermine

• U.S. assets include MCM-1, 2 MSO ships, 6 MH-53E
• Two ships hit U.S.S. Tripoli and U.S.S Princeton

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Amphibious Warfare

• ATF conducted 5 operations
• Raided Umm Al- Maradim off Kuwait
• Against Faylaka Island
• Against Ash Shuaybah port Facility
• Against Bubiyan Island
• Landing of 5th MEB in Saudi Arabia
• Resulted in Iraqi focus on their western flank.

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Ground Campaign

• 24-28 Feb -- 100 hour campaign
• Marine Contribution
• I MEF committed two Infantry divisions
• Naval Force amphibious assault on Kuwait Coast
• I MEF took 8000 prisoners 20 miles into Kuwait by
  the end of day 1.
• Kuwait airport by 27 Feb

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Conclusions

• Estimated Iraqi losses
• 100,000 soldier dead, wounded and captured, 3847
  tanks, 1450 armored personnel carriers, 2917
  artillery pieces and 32 aircraft
• 86,000 est. prisoners
• U.S.
• 313 combatant and non combatant
• Coalition
• First since WWII- fastest victory ever
• Importance of power projection from the sea

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A Cold War?

• Gulf War fought with Cold War equipment using
  Cold War tactics.
• Air Attacks on pre-planned targets.
• Targeting reminiscent of Cold War strategic
  bombing plans.
• Not Network-Centric

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Toward Network-Centrism

• National Sensor Exploitation
• Development of FAC (A) Doctrine
• Strategic Judgment Air power was effective, but
  not so effective that ground forces could be
  neglected

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The Balkan Conflicts of the 1990s

• Bosnia
• Kosovo

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Bosnia

• Post-Soviet Union collapse four of the six
  Yugoslavian republics want independence.
• Serbian President Milosevic uses
• force to oppose these states.
• This situation will require the
• assistance of U.S. and U.N.
• troops for over a decade.

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1992

• U.N. Security Council directive to use all
  measures necessary to end hunger and atrocities
  in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• January. U.N. protection force sent.
• May 22. U.N. recognizes Croatia, Slovenia, and
  Bosnia as independent states.
• March 30. U.N. called for humanitarian aid,
  economic embargos, and ban on air traffic.

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• July 1. Washington called for relief flights
  that would be multinational and be supported
  until OPERATION DENY FLIGHT in April 1993.
• September 22. Yugoslavia expelled from U.N. in
  response to Milosevics atrocities.
• NATO leaders reluctant to act, for fear that they
  would be dragged into a costly and unwinnable
  war.

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1993

• NATO military operations largely limited to
  enforcing
• U.N. no fly zone. Becomes largest ongoing
  military operation over Europe since WWII.
• April 12. OPERATION DENY FLIGHT. NFZ over
  Bosnia.
• June 15. OPERATION SHARP GUARD. Adriatic
  blockade.

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Toward a Network-Centric Battlespace

• For the first time it was clear that virtually
  all targets were moveable.
• Joint Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC)
  established in Aviano, Italy.

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Key U.S. Sensor Assets

• UAV (Predators and Gnat-750s)
• P-3C Orion
• E-2C Hawkeye, AWACS (E-3)
• JSTARS (E-8A)
• EC-130E (ABCCC)

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Other 1990s Naval Events

• September 1991. Tailhook
• April 1993. SECDEF announces that women will fly
  combat aircraft missions and serve on combat
  vessels.
• July 1993. Dont Ask, Dont Tell Clinton
  policy for homosexuals in the military.
• February 1994. LT Shannon Workman becomes first
  female carrier qualified fighter pilot.

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• February 1998. A Marine Corps EA-6B, based in
  Aviano, Italy, flies below low level training
  route altitude and severs gondola cables killing
  civilians.
• October 1994. LT Kara Hultgreen, first woman
  carrier qualified in the F-14 Tomcat, is killed
  during landing operations.
• March 1995. LCDR Wendy Lawrence, daughter of
  Admiral Lawrence (Vietnam POW), becomes first
  female naval aviator in space on board STS 60,
  The Endeavor.

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• 8. May 1996. Death of Admiral Michael Boorda.
  Chief of Naval Operations shoots himself in
  response to journalistic investigations of his
  entitlement to wear combat V for service in
  waters off Vietnam.
• 9. October 2000. Attack on the USS Cole.
• 10. February 2001. Greenville incident.
• 11. April 2001. EP-3 incident.

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CDR Wendy Lawrence, U.S. Navy
Admiral Jeremy M. Boorda, U.S. Navy
USS Cole damage
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EP-3 crewmembers stand at ease during the
ceremony welcoming them to Hawaii following their
release from China
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PolicyNew Technology

• September 1992. From the Sea. The Navy
  adopts new mission as consequence to the end of
  the Cold War.
• September 1993. Bottom Up Review 346-ship
  navy with 11 carrier battle groups. Goal
  Ability to fight 2 major regional conflicts and
  one low intensity conflict at the same time.
• May 1997. As result of first Quadrennial
  Defense Reviews, force levels to be able to deal
  with two simultaneous regional conflicts call for
  12 carriers groups and 12 amphibious ready groups.

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• June 1997. Navy signs preliminary agreement for
  construction of the DD-21 Zumwalt class.
• May 1999. Osprey, MV-22, first of four
  production models approved.
• September 1999. New attack sub (NSSN) Virginia
  class to be built.
• April 2000. MV-22 crashes in Arizona 19 lost.

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• December 2000. MV-22 crashes in Jacksonville,
  killing all four crewmen.
• December 2000. JSF X-35C, carrier version, makes
  first flight.
• March 2000. Mrs. Reagan christens USS Ronald
  Reagan, CVN 76.
• June 2001. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld
  reports that DD21 land-attack destroyer would not
  be a substantial improvement over existing
  platforms.

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MV-22 OSPREY
X-35 JSF
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Significance of the 1990s for the Navy of the
Future

• Comprehend the transitional nature of the naval
  strategy and policy in the 1990s when judged
  against the post 9-11 events and the War on
  Terrorism.
• Understand that many of the guiding assumptions
  of the 1990s were made obsolete by 9-11 and the
  War on Terrorism.
• Assess what aspects of the naval policy and
  strategy of the 1990s remain valid for the early
  2000s.

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• Given the events of the last decade (ESGs,
  sea-basing, etc.), was the planning of the 1990s
  short-sighted? Is From the Sea relevant in
  2001 when we are fighting a war hundreds of miles
  inland in Afghanistan? Is the CVBG a relic of
  the cold war in the age of network-centric
  dispersion?

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Next time The US Navy since 2001