Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion

1
Chapter 9Motivation and Emotion
2
Motivation

• Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, and
  direct or terminate actions

3
A Model of Motivational Activities

• Model of how motivated activities work
• Need Internal deficiency causes
• Drive Energized motivational state (e.g.,
  hunger, thirst) activates a
• Response Action or series of actions designed to
  attain a
• Goal Target of motivated behavior
• Incentive Value Goals appeal beyond its ability
  to fill a need

4
Types of Motives

• Primary Motive Innate (inborn) motives based on
  biological needs we must meet to survive
• Stimulus Motive Innate needs for stimulation and
  information
• Secondary Motive Based on learned needs, drives,
  and goals

5
Hunger Big Mac Attack?

• Homeostasis Body equilibrium balance
• Influences on hunger
• Obesity
• Internal
• Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Substance in
  brain that terminates eating
• Hypothalamus Brain structure regulates many
  aspects of motivation and emotion, including
  hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
• External
• External stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or
  elicit eating these cues may cause you to eat
  even if you are stuffed

6
Behavioral Dieting

• Weight reduction based on changing exercise and
  eating habits and not on temporary
  self-starvation
• Some keys
• Start with a complete physical
• Exercise
• Be committed to weight loss

7
Behavioral Dieting (cont'd)

• Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep
  a chart of daily progress.
• Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned
  habits that tell you to always clean your plate.
• Avoid snacks.
• Reward yourself if you change eating habits and
  punish yourself if you do not.

8
Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa

• Active self-starvation or sustained loss of
  appetite that seems to have psychological origins
• Control issues seem to be involved
• Very difficult to effectively treat
• Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly

9
Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa (Binge-Purge
Syndrome)

• Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced
  vomiting and/or taking laxatives
• Difficult to treat
• Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa
• Affects females overwhelmingly

10
Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

• Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of
  becoming fat they think they are fat when the
  opposite is true!
• Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight
  anorectics with perfect control.
• Anorectics will often be put on a weight-gain
  diet to restore weight.

11
Thirst and Pain

• Extracellular Thirst When water is lost from
  fluids surrounding the cells of the body
• Intracellular Thirst When fluid is drawn out of
  cells because of increased concentration of salts
  and minerals outside the cell
• Best satisfied by drinking water
• Pain Avoidance An episodic drive
• Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place
  or is about to occur

12
Stimulus Drives - Arousal

• Reflect needs for information, exploration,
  manipulation, and sensory input
• Sensation Seeking/ Inverted U Trait of people
  who prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the
  contestants on Eco-Challenge and Fear Factor)
• Yerkes-Dodson Law If a task is simple, it is
  best for arousal to be high if it is complex,
  lower levels of arousal provide for the best
  performance

13
Learned Motives

• Social Motives Acquired by growing up in a
  particular society or culture
• Need for Achievement (nAch) Desire to meet some
  internal standard of excellence
• Need for Power Desire to have impact or control
  over others

14
Abraham Maslow and Needs

• Hierarchy of Human Needs Maslows ordering of
  needs based on presumed strength or potency some
  needs are more powerful than others and thus will
  influence your behavior to a greater degree
• Basic Needs First four levels of needs in
  Maslows hierarchy
• Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher
  needs
• Growth Needs Higher-level needs associated with
  self-actualization
• Meta-Needs Needs associated with impulses for
  self-actualization

15
Types of Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivation Motivation coming from
  within, not from external rewards based on
  personal enjoyment of a task
• Extrinsic Motivation Based on obvious external
  rewards, obligations, or similar factors (e.g.,
  pay, grades)

16
Emotions

• State characterized by physiological arousal and
  changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture,
  and subjective feelings
• Physiological Changes Include heart rate, blood
  pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary
  bodily responses
• Emotional Expression Outward signs of what a
  person is feeling
• Emotional Feelings Private emotional experience

17
Plutchiks First Four Primary Emotions

• Most basic emotions are
• Fear
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Disgust

18
Plutchiks Last Four Primary Emotions (cont'd)

• Anger
• Anticipation
• Joy
• Acceptance

19
Brain and Emotion

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neural system
  that connects brain with internal organs and
  glands
• Sympathetic Branch Part of ANS that activates
  body for emergency action
• Parasympathetic Branch Part of ANS that quiets
  body and conserves energy
• Parasympathetic Rebound Overreaction to intense
  emotion

20
Lie Detectors

• Polygraph Device that records heart rate, blood
  pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response
  (GSR) lie detector
• GSR Measures sweating
• Irrelevant Questions Neutral, emotional
  questions in a polygraph test
• Relevant Questions Questions to which only
  someone guilty should react by becoming anxious
  or emotional
• Control Questions Questions that almost always
  provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. Have you
  ever taken any office supplies?)

21
Body Language (Kinesics)

• Study of communication through body movement,
  posture, gestures, and facial expressions
• Facial Blends Mix of two or more basic
  expressions

22
Three Types of Facial Expressions

• Pleasantness-Unpleasantness Degree to which a
  person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure
• Attention-Rejection Degree of attention given to
  a person or object
• Activation Degree of arousal a person is
  experiencing

23
Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange Theory Emotional feelings follow
  bodily arousal and come from awareness of such
  arousal.
• Cannon-Bard Theory The thalamus (in brain)
  causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to
  occur at the same time.
• Schachters Cognitive Theory Emotions occur when
  a label is applied to general physical arousal.
• Attribution Mental process of assigning causes
  to events attributing arousal to a certain
  source.
• Facial Feedback Hypothesis Sensations from
  facial expressions and help define what emotion
  someone feels.

24
A Modern View of Emotion

• Emotional Appraisal Evaluating personal meaning
  of a stimulus
• Emotional Intelligence Combination of skills,
  including empathy, self-control, self-awareness,
  sensitivity to feelings of others, persistence,
  and self-motivation