Behavior Therapy J.B. Watson: Emphasized the overriding

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Behavior Therapy

• J.B. Watson
• Emphasized the overriding importance of the
  environmental events, rejecting covert aspects of
  the individual. He claimed that all behavior
  could be understood as a result of learning.
  (Nature vs. Nurture)

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is
  presented repeatedly with one that reflexively
  elicits a particular response so the neutral
  stimulus will eventually elicit the response
  itself.
• Ivan Pavlov

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

• A type of learning in which behavior is increased
  or decreased by systemically changing its
  consequences.

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B.F. Skinner

• Insisted that overt behavior was the only
  acceptable subject of scientific investigation
  and rejected mentalistic (unconsciousness and
  phenomenology) concepts

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BEHAVIOR THEORY OF PERSONALITY

• Overt Behavior
• Actions that can be directly observed by others.
  
• Positive reinforcement
• The process by which the introduction of a
  stimulus has a consequence of a behavior that
  increases the likelihood that the behavior will
  be performed.

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BEHAVIOR THEORY OF PERSONALITY

• Shaping
• Gradually reinforcing certain parts of a
  behavior to more closely approximate the desired
  behavior.
• Generalization
• Transferring the response from one type of
  stimuli to similar stimuli.

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BEHAVIOR THEORY OF PERSONALITY

• Discrimination
• Responding differentially to stimuli that are
  similarly based on different cues or antecedent
  events.
• Extinction
• The process of no longer presenting a
  reinforcement. It is used to decrease or
  eliminate certain behaviors.

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SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (or Social Learning
Theory)

• Albert Bandura
• Believed behavior was based on three
  interacting systems
• a) external stimulus,
• b) external reinforcement, and
• most importantly,
• c) cognitive mediational processes.

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SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (or Social Learning
Theory)

• Reciprocal Determinism
• Psychological functioning involves a reciprocal
  interaction among three interlocking sets of
  influences behavior, cognitive processes, and
  environmental factors.

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING CONCEPTS

• Observational learning
• A type of learning is which people are
  influenced by observing the behaviors of others.
• Covert behavior
• Behavior that others cannot directly perceive,
  such as thinking or feeling.

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING CONCEPTS

• Attentional processes
• The act of perceiving or watching something and
  learning from it.
• Retention processes
• This basically refers to remembering that which
  has been observed.
• Motor reproduction processes This refers to
  translating what one has seen into action using
  motor skills.

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING CONCEPTS

• Motivational processes
• For observations to be put into action and then
  continued for some time, reinforcement must be
  present. Reinforcement brings about motivation.
• Self-Efficacy The individuals perceptions of
  their ability to deal with different types of
  events.

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GOALS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY

• It is fundamental to behavior therapy that the
  client should have the major say in setting
  treatment goals, it is important that the client
  is fully informed, and consents to and
  participates in setting goals.
• Provide a direction to counseling
• Provide a basis for selecting and using
• strategies interventions.
• Provide a framework for evaluating the outcome.

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Process of Setting Goals

• Counselor explains the purpose of goals.
• Client specifies the positive changes desired as
  a result of counseling.
• Together they explore whether the goals are
  realistic.
• They discuss advantages and disadvantages of the
  goals.
• On the basis of the information obtained about
  client-stated goals, the counselor and the client
  make one of the following decisions to continue
  counseling, to reconsider the clients goals, or
  the seek a referral.

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Advantages of goal setting

• It increases the chances of making the
  counselor/client alliance operational.
• It emphasizes the importance of their active
  participation in the process, rather than
  fostering an attitude of being a passive
  spectator.
• It is the basic link between whatever therapeutic
  procedures or techniques are used and the
  concrete goals of the client.

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Therapists Function and Role

• Behavior therapists must assume an active,
  directive role in treatment.
• Behavior therapists function as teacher,
  director, and expert in prescribing curative
  procedures that will lead to improved behavior.

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Therapists Function and Role

• Use techniques such as summarization, reflection,
  clarification, and open-ended questions.
• They focus on specifics, systematically getting
  information about specific antecedents, the
  dimensions of the problem behavior, and the
  consequences of the problem. (Goldried Davison,
  1976)

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MODELING TECHNIQUES

• The therapists role is also modeling behavior
  for the client.
• Because clients often view their therapist as
  worthy of emulation, they pattern attitudes,
  values, beliefs, and behavior after him or her.
• Therapists need to be aware of the power they
  play in this process.

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Relationship between Therapist and Client

• Exemplified by warmth, empathy, authenticity,
  permissiveness, and acceptance as necessary but
  not sufficient conditions for behavioral change.
• Behavior therapists are more self-disclosing when
  it benefits the motivation of the client.

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Therapists Function and Role

• Live modeling
• Symbolic modeling
• Role-playing
• Participant modeling
• Covert modeling