Title: Charlotte Stice What is prosody? Prosody consists of
1- WORD STRESS PATTERNS IN PROSODIC PHONOLOGY
- Charlotte Stice
2What is prosody?
- Prosody consists of distinctive variations of
stress, tone, and timing in spoken language - In linguistics, prosody refers to intonation and
vocal stress in speech
3What is stress?
- Stress is a term that we apply to words in
isolation which have more than one syllable. It
refers to the property that certain syllables
carry which make them stand out from the rest of
the word. Stressed syllables are made with more
effort than unstressed ones the muscles in the
lungs expel air more aggressively than for
unstressed syllables.
4THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO MARK STRESS IN A WORD
- Stress can be marked by an acute accent ( )
- Stress can also be noted by a high mark in front
of the stressed syllable -
- In certain textbooks, stress is marked with large
and small circles - º
- amazing
5More ways to mark stress
- Use a 1 for primary stress and a 2 for secondary
stress - 2 1 2 1
- Fundamental introductory
6HOW STRESS CAN POSE PROBLEMS FOR THE ELL
- In many languages, word stress follows a set
pattern (ie in French the stress is almost
always on the final syllablealler, avertir,
absolument. - How do you explain to an ELL the difference
between the pronunciation of the word record in
the following examples - Please keep a récord of all of your work.
- Please recórd your voice on the tape.
7Consider the following English verbs. Those in
column A have stress on the next-to-last
syllable, whereas the verbs in column B and C
have their last syllable stressed.
- A B C
- astónish collápse amáze
- exit exíst impróve
- imágine resíst surpríse
- cáncel revólt combíne
- elícit adópt recáll
- práctice insíst atóne
8Transcribe the words under A, B and C phonetically
- A B C
- ?staniš k?læps ?mez
- eks?t egzist impruv
- imæj?n r?zent s?rprajz
- kæns?l r?volt k?mbajn
- ?lis?t ?dapt r?kal
- præct?s insist ?ton
- What is the difference between the final
syllables in columns A and B?
9What kind of rule would predict where stess
occurs in the verbs in columns A and B?
- RULE In words that end with more than one
consonant, the stress falls on the second
syllable.
10In the verbs in column C, stress also occurs on
the final syllable. What must you add to the
rule to account for this fact?
- Hint look at the vowels
- Rule If the second syllable of a verb contains
a long vowel or dipthong, the second syllable is
stressed.
11HOW TO DETERMINE WHERE STRESS LIES
- Unfortunately, English has a very complex set of
procedures that determine stress. However, since
nearly all English speakers agree on where stress
should be placed in individual words, there is
some method to our madness. - Check out the following websites
- http//www.celt.stir.ac.uk/staff/HIGDOX/STEPHEN/PH
ONO/PHONOLG.HTM - http//www.onestopenglish.com/ProfessionalSupport/
ask/methodology_bowen_pronun.htm