INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
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DEFINITIONS

• Anatomy
• to cut apart
• Study of Bodily Structure
• Includes
• Systemic or Regional
• Gross or Microscopic
• Developmental
• Imaging

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DEFINITIONS continued

• Physiology
• study of nature
• Study of Bodily Function
• Includes
• Cell Physiology
• Pathophysiology
• Immunology
• Exercise Physiology

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Chemical
• Atoms, Molecules
• Cellular
• Organelles, Cells
• Tissue
• Groups of Cells
• Organ
• 2 or more tissue types
• Specific functions
• Recognizable shape

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION continued

• System
• Groups of organs with common functions
• 11 organ systems
• Organismal
• Highest level
• All parts of organism

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

• Maintain Boundaries
• Inside/Outside
• Cell Membranes, Integument
• Movement
• Responsiveness
• Sense React
• Digestion
• Breakdown Absorb

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE continued

• Metabolism
• Cellular Chemical Reactions
• Excretion
• Growth
• Increase in Size and/or Number of Cells
• Reproduction
• Cellular Organismal

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FACTORS REQUIRED FOR LIFE

• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure

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HOMEOSTASIS

• Homeostasis
• Unchanging
• Maintaining a relatively stable internal
  environment, regardless of external conditions.
• Allows changes within narrow limits.
• Dynamic Equilibrium

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HOMEOSTASIS continued

• Requires
• Receptor to detect changes
• Control Center to determine set point (normal)
  and appropriate response to deviations
• Effector to respond to change

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REGULATION OF HOMEOSTASIS

• Negative Feedback System
• Common
• Reverses Change
• Results in Fluctuations about Set Point
• Positive Feedback System
• Rare
• Change is increased
• May be Harmful

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TERMINOLOGY

• Anatomical Position
• Erect, Palms Forward
• Directional Terms
• Explain Relative Location of Body Parts
• Many Paired Opposites
• Regional Terms
• Refer to Specific Body Parts, Regions
• Divided into Anterior Posterior Landmarks

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TERMINOLOGY continued

• Body Planes
• Frontal (Coronal)
• Vertical, Divides into Anterior Posterior
• Transverse
• Horizontal, Divides into Superior Inferior
• Sagittal (Para- Mid-)
• Vertical, Divides into Right Left
• Oblique
• Diagonal, Between Vertical Horizontal

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TERMINOLOGY continued

• Body Cavities (Protect Allow for Growth/Change)
• Dorsal Ventral form during embryological
  development
• Dorsal
• Cranial - Brain
• Spinal or Vertebral Spinal Cord

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BODY CAVITIES continued

• Ventral
• Thoracic
• Pleural - Lungs
• Mediastinal Between Lungs
• Pericardial Heart division of mediastinal
• Abdominopelvic
• Abdominal (Peritoneal)
• Pelvic

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