History of Project Management

1
History of Project Management

• Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D.Lee Baliton
• Chris Smith

2
Ancient History

• Examples
• The Great Pyramids of Giza (2,550 B.C.)
• The Great Wall of China (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.)
• Exceptional planning
• Coordination
• Allocation
• Hundreds of thousands of workers
• Paid and Slave labor.

3
Ancient History

• Examples of ancient projects The Great Pyramids
  of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China
  (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.)
• Exceptional planning
• Coordination
• Allocation
• Hundreds of thousands of workers
• Paid and Slave labor.

4
Ancient History

• Examples of ancient projects The Great Pyramids
  of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China
  (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.)
• Exceptional planning
• Coordination
• Allocation
• Hundreds of thousands of workers
• Paid and Slave labor.

5
Ancient History

• Examples of ancient projects The Great Pyramids
  of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China
  (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.)
• Exceptional planning
• Coordination
• Allocation
• Hundreds of thousands of workers
• Paid and Slave labor.

6
Ancient History

• Examples of ancient projects The Great Pyramids
  of Giza (2,550 B.C.) and the Great Wall of China
  (221 B.C. - 206 B.C.)
• Exceptional planning
• Coordination
• Allocation
• Hundreds of thousands of workers
• Paid and Slave labor.

7
Ancient History

• Similar basic elements of project management
• Managing resources
• Maintaining a schedule
• Coordinating different groups
• All are used in todays modern project management
  practice
• No evidence that they used optimal scheduling

8
Ancient History

• Similar basic elements of project management
• Managing resources
• Maintaining a schedule
• Coordinating different groups
• All are used in todays modern project management
  practice
• No evidence that they used optimal scheduling

9
Ancient History

• Similar basic elements of project management
• Managing resources
• Maintaining a schedule
• Coordinating different groups
• All are used in todays modern project management
  practice
• No evidence that they used optimal scheduling

10
Ancient History

• Similar basic elements of project management
• Managing resources
• Maintaining a schedule
• Coordinating different groups
• All are used in todays modern project management
  practice
• No evidence that they used optimal scheduling

11
Ancient History

• Similar basic elements of project management
• Managing resources
• Maintaining a schedule
• Coordinating different groups
• All are used in todays modern project management
  practice
• No evidence that they used optimal scheduling

12
Ancient History

• Similar basic elements of project management
• Managing resources
• Maintaining a schedule
• Coordinating different groups
• All are used in todays modern project management
  practice
• No evidence that they used optimal scheduling

13
Ancient History

• Similar basic elements of project management
• Managing resources
• Maintaining a schedule
• Coordinating different groups
• All are used in todays modern project management
  practice
• No evidence that they used optimal scheduling

Project Management was not really the same
14
The Early Years Late 19th Century

• PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce
• Seen in transportation, to manufacturing
• Large scale projects caused large scale
  management decisions.
• Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad

15
The Early Years Late 19th Century

• PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce
• Seen in transportation, to manufacturing
• Large scale projects
• Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad

16
The Early Years Late 19th Century

• PM emerged in the growing complexity of commerce
• Seen in transportation, to manufacturing
• Large scale projects
• Example is the 1862 Transcontinental Railroad

17
The Early Years Transcontinental Railroad

• First large scale project management
• Officially started after President Lincoln signed
  the Pacific Railroad Act
• Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph
  line
• Granted funding and land
• Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE
  Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA

18
The Early Years Transcontinental Railroad

• The Transcontinental Railroad considered first
  large scale project management
• President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act
  
• Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph
  line
• Granted funding and land
• Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE
  Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA

19
The Early Years Transcontinental Railroad

• The Transcontinental Railroad considered first
  large scale project management
• President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act
  
• Railway
• Telegraph line
• Granted funding and land
• Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE
  Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA

20
The Early Years Transcontinental Railroad

• The Transcontinental Railroad considered first
  large scale project management
• Officially started after President Lincoln signed
  the Pacific Railroad Act
• Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph
  line
• Granted funding and land
• Union Pacific to build west from Omaha, NE
  Central Pacific east from Sacramento, CA

21
The Early Years Transcontinental Railroad

• The Transcontinental Railroad considered first
  large scale project management
• Officially started after President Lincoln signed
  the Pacific Railroad Act
• Authorized to build a railway and a telegraph
  line
• Granted funding and land
• Union Pacific
• Central Pacific

22
The Early Years Transcontinental Railroad
Source Wikipedia Theodore Judah
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Judah
23
The Early Years Late 19th Century

• Mid-19th century business leaders faced with task
  of organizing labor in manufacturing and assembly

24
The Early Years Late 19th Century

• Mid-19th century business leaders faced with task
  of organizing labor in manufacturing and assembly

Coffee break before and now
25
Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Henry Gantt

• Modern project management
• Construction
• Engineering
• Defense
• Henry Gantt forefather of project management
• Known for planning and control techniques
• Gantt chart keeps track of project schedule.

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Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Henry Gantt

• Modern project management came from construction,
  engineering, and defense
• Henry Gantt forefather of project management
• Known for planning and control techniques
• Gantt chart keeps track of project schedule.

Source Gantt Charts at http//www.ganttchart.com/E
volution.html
27
Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Henry Gantt

• Modern project management came from construction,
  engineering, and defense
• Henry Gantt forefather of project management
• Known for planning and control techniques
• Gantt chart keeps track of project schedule.

Source Gantt Charts at http//www.ganttchart.com/E
volution.html
28
Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Gantt chart
Source Gantt Charts at http//www.ganttchart.com/E
volution.html
29
Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Gantt chart
Source Gantt Charts at http//www.ganttchart.com/E
volution.html
30
Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Gantt chart
Source Gantt Charts at http//www.ganttchart.com/E
volution.html
31
Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Gantt chart
Source Gantt Charts at http//www.ganttchart.com/E
volution.html
32
Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Frederic
Taylor

• Work breakdown
• Piecemeal work

Source Fredrick Taylor entry in Wikipedia
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Tay
lor
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Modern Project Management 1900-1950 Frederic
Taylor
Source Fredrick Taylor entry in Wikipedia
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Tay
lor
34
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond

• Pre-1950s ad-hoc project management
• Gantt charts and other informal techniques were
  used
• Early 1950s modern project management

35
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond

• Pre-1950s ad-hoc project management
• Gantt charts and other informal techniques were
  used
• Early 1950s modern project management

36
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond

• Pre-1950s ad-hoc project management
• Gantt charts and other informal techniques were
  used
• Early 1950s modern project management

37
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT

• Two mathematical scheduling methods
• Program Evaluation Review Technique or PERT
• Analyzes the tasks
• Identifies minimum amount of time

38
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT

• Two mathematical scheduling methods
• Program Evaluation Review Technique or PERT
• Analyzes the tasks
• Identifies minimum amount of time

Edwin Booz
Source The Story of Consulting 1920-1939
http//www.agcon.com/HTML/site_content/page_episod
e_2_en.html
39
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT

• Two mathematical scheduling methods
• Program Evaluation Review Technique or PERT
• Analyzes the tasks
• Identifies minimum amount of time

Edwin Booz
Source The Story of Consulting 1920-1939
http//www.agcon.com/HTML/site_content/page_episod
e_2_en.html
40
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT
Source Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index
.php?titleImage3APert_chart_colored.gif
41
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - PERT
Source Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index
.php?titleImage3APert_chart_colored.gif
42
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM

• The Critical Path Method developed for plant
  maintenance projects
• Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
• A CPM diagram based on the following project
  elements
• List of all activities required for project
• Length of time for each activity
• Dependencies between the activities.

43
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM

• The Critical Path Method developed for plant
  maintenance projects
• Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
• A CPM diagram based on the following project
  elements
• List of all activities required for project
• Length of time for each activity
• Dependencies between the activities.

44
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM

• The Critical Path Method developed for plant
  maintenance projects
• Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
• CPM diagram
• List of all activities required for project
• Length of time for each activity
• Dependencies between the activities.

45
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM

• The Critical Path Method developed for plant
  maintenance projects
• Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
• CPM diagram
• List of all activities required for project
• Length of time for each activity
• Dependencies between the activities.

46
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM

• The Critical Path Method developed for plant
  maintenance projects
• Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
• CPM diagram
• List of all activities required for project
• Length of time for each activity
• Dependencies among the activities

47
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM

• The Critical Path Method developed for plant
  maintenance projects
• Algorithm for scheduling project activities.
• A CPM diagram based on the following project
  elements
• List of all activities required for project
• Length of time for each activity
• Dependencies among the activities

48
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM

• CPM diagram of a construction project

49
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The blue arrows are tasks that consume resources
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Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The blue arrows also have the time required to
complete each task
51
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
The dashed arrow indicates the sequence for
each activity.
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Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
In this example, the roofline must first be
fitted before the roof timbers can be fitted.
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Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
Green for beginning
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Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
Yellow for activities
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Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
Red for end of the project
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Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
Critical Path Method allowed the selection of a
path that would minimize the time to end of the
project. This allowed project managers, for the
first time, to optimize the sequence of
scheduling project tasks
57
Modern Project Management 1950 and beyond - CPM
A lot of misunderstanding
58
This lecture continues in a separate set of slides

• Part two of this lecture focuses on recent
  history of project management