Unit Four Evolutionary History of Lineages and Biotas Biotic

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Unit FourEvolutionary History of Lineages and
Biotas
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The Geography of Diversification

• Chapter 10

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Two kinds of histories
History of place versus History of lineages
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History of place

• Geology
• Geography
• Climate
• Soils vegetation

Change over time
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History of lineages fundamental biogeographic
processes

• Evolution of new taxa
• Speciation
• Diversification
• Adaptive radiation
• Extinction of taxa
• Gradual
• Mass
• Dispersal of taxa

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History of lineages

• Distributions
• Shifting
• Expansion
• Contraction

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History of lineages
Marsupials
Present
Cretaceous
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Fundamental Biogeographic patterns

• Endemism
• Provincialism
• Disjunction
• Interchange
• Divergence and Convergence

• Diversification
• Dispersal
• Extinction

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Endemism
ENDEMIC Occurring in ?
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Cosmopolitan versus Endemic
20 x 3 m Fig. 10.4
Fig. 10.6
Devils Hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis
Bat genus Myotis
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Endemic at many geographic scales
Fig. 10.1
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Why endemism occurs?
Due to HISTORICAL EVENTS and ECOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
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Why endemism occurs?

• Originated and never ?
• Entire range has ? in locality
• Now survive in ? of former range

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Endemism
Occurs on a variety of spatial scales and at a
nested hierarchy of taxonomic scales
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HETEROMYIDAE
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HETEROMYIDAE distribution
Fig. 10.3
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Dipodomys and Microdipodops distribution
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HETEROMYIDAE genus Microdipodops (kangaroo mice)
Microdipodops pallidus (DNA based lineages)
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Endemism

• Autochthonous endemic
• Found at ?
• Allochthonous endemic
• Found at ?

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Autochthonous endemic
Important in the analysis of vicariance
AREA OF ENDEMISM Geographic area with two or more
non related autochthonous endemic taxa
Fig. 12.28
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Relictual endemics

• T? relicts
• B? relicts

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Relictual endemics

• T? relicts
• survivors of once diverse groups

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Relictual endemics

• B? relicts
• survivors of once widespread taxa

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Relictual endemics

• T? relicts
• B? relicts

Living f?
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Spenodontuatara
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Dromiciopsmonito del monte
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Latimeriacoelocanth
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Ginkgo
monasteries in China before 1100 A.D.
now widely distributed
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Fundamental Biogeographic patterns

• Endemism
• Provincialism
• Disjunction
• Interchange
• Divergence and Convergence

• Diversification
• Dispersal
• Extinction

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Provincialism

• Endemic forms are not randomly distributed, but
  instead are clumped in particular r?.
• Most closely related species tend to have
  overlapping or adjacent r?
• Unrelated higher taxa show similar patterns of e?

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Biogeographic regionsUnrelated higher taxa show
similar patterns of endemism
Sclater for birds, Wallace for terrestrial mammals

• Nearctic
• Palearctic
• Neotropical
• Ethiopian
• Oriental
• Australian

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Biogeographic regionsUnrelated higher taxa show
similar patterns of endemism
Somewhat different delineation for plants Fig.
10.8
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Biogeographic regionsUnrelated higher taxa show
similar patterns of endemism
Precise delineation changes as we learn more
about evolutionary relationships Fig. 10.17

• Neotropical
• Neotropical (3)
• Andean (7)

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Biogeographic provinces within the Nearctic
Biogeographic Region
Fig. 10.10
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Deserts of North America

• Independent groups of organisms have similar
  distribution boundaries

Fig. 10.11
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Biogeographic provinces within the Nearctic
Biogeographic Region
Remember! not stable in location or composition
over time!!
Fig. 10.12
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Biogeographic provinces within the Nearctic
Biogeographic Region
freshwater fish provinces congruence
with drainage basins
Fig. 10.13
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Biogeographical lines

• Rapid turnover of taxa at the boundaries between
  regions
• Wallaces line
• (and related lines)
• Fig. 10.14

Oriental Region
Australian Region
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Biogeographical lines

• Rapid turnover of taxa between regions fuzzy
  boundaries

Nearctic Region
Mammal families Fig. 10.15
Neotropical Region
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Biogeographical lines

• Rapid turnover of taxa between regions fuzzy
  boundaries

Nearctic Region
Fish families Fig. 10.16
Neotropical Region
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Biogeographical lines

• Generally very diffuse across large geographic
  boundaries
• Usually differ in position between lineages

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Marine provincialism
shallow benthic Fig. 10.19 again...can
change location and composition with changing
climates!
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Marine provincialism
deep sea hydrothermal vents Fig.
10.21 notice locations along mid-oceanic
ridges!
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Islands

• Continental land connections to the m?
• OLD plate tectonic dynamics
• Madagascar, New Zealand, New Caledonia

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Continental IslandMadagascarca. 100 Myr
separation
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Continental IslandMadagascar adaptive radiations
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Islands

• Continental land connections to the m?
• RECENT Pleistocene land bridge connections
• British Isles with western Europe
• New Guinea with Australia
• Ceylon with India

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Islands

• Oceanic never have been connected to the m?
• VOLCANIC HOT SPOT Hawaiian islands
• PLATE BOUNDARY Galapagos

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Oceanic Island
Galapagos
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Oceanic Island
Galapagos
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Fundamental Biogeographic patterns

• Endemism
• Provincialism
• Disjunction
• Interchange
• Divergence and Convergence

• Diversification
• Dispersal
• Extinction

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Disjunct distributions
Closely related organisms are separated by large
geographic gaps
Fig. 10.2
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Disjunct distribution
Marsupialia
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Disjunct distribution
Fig. 10.26
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Disjunct distribution
Plethodontidae
Fig. 10.27
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Disjunct distributionsamphitropical
Fig. 10.28
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Disjunct distributionsamphitropical
Larrea creosote bush
North American warm deserts
Larrea tridentata
Larrea divaricata
southern South American warm deserts
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Disjunct distributions

• Processes
• Historical events
• Ecological processes

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Disjunct distributions

• Processes
• Historical events
• Disjunction by tectonics
• e.g. Gondwanaland (marsupial mammals)

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Disjunct distributions

• Processes
• Historical events
• Disjunction by intervening extinction
• (Camelidae)

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Disjunct distributions

• Processes
• Historical events
• Disjunction by dispersal
• e.g., cattle egret
• (Africa ? South America)

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Disjunct distributions

• Some disjunct distributions are false
• convergent evolution makes species look like they
  are related when they are not

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false disjunct distributions

• anteaters (Neotropical mostly) versus pangolins
  (Ethiopian, Oriental)

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false disjunct distributions

• porcupines
• Neotropical/Nearctic vs.
• Ethiopian

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Fundamental Biogeographic patterns

• Endemism
• Provincialism
• Disjunction
• Interchange
• Divergence and Convergence

• Diversification
• Dispersal
• Extinction

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Biotic Interchanges can repeat through time
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Late Miocene
Fig. 10.33
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Biotic InterchangeGreat American Biotic
Interchange
about 2.5 - 3.5 Mya following closure of the
Panamanian Land Bridge
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Biotic InterchangeGreat American Biotic
Interchange
about 2.5 - 3.5 Mya following closure of the
Panamanian Land Bridge
Fig. 10.22
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Great American Interchangemammals
Fig. 10.35
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Great American Interchangemammals
Fig. 10.35
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Great American Interchangemammals
Fig. 10.35
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Great American Interchangemammals why North ?
South asymmetry?
Better m?Better s? and s?Better c?
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Great American Interchangenon-mammals is there
a North ? South asymmetry?
Birds probably also North ? South
asymmetryAmphibians and Reptiles probably
South ? North asymmetry
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Fundamental Biogeographic patterns

• Endemism
• Provincialism
• Disjunction
• Interchange
• Divergence and Convergence

• Diversification
• Dispersal
• Extinction

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Convergencerodents
Fig. 10.37
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Convergenceplacental / marsupial
Fig. 10.38
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Convergenceplacental / marsupial
Fig. 10.38
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Convergenceplant leaf morphology
Fig. 10.36
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Convergenceplant leaf morphology
Fig. 10.36