Jefferson

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Agrarian America Thomas Jefferson
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Content Americas History (Henretta, Brody,
Dumenil) Images as cited.
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Alexander Hamilton paid a high political price
for his success. Even before Washington began his
second four-year term in 1793, Hamiltons
financial measures had split the Federalists into
two irreconcilable factions.
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Most northern Federalists stuck to the political
alliance led by Hamilton, while most southern
Federalists joined a rival group headed by
Madison and Jefferson.
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By the elections of 1794, the two factions had
acquired names. Hamiltons supporters retained
the original name Federalists.
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ton
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Madison and Jeffersons allies called themselves
Democratic Republicans or simply Republicans.
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Thomas Jefferson spoke for the southern planters
and western farmers who rejected Hamiltons
economic and social policies.
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Well-read in architecture, natural history,
agricultural science, and political theory,
Jefferson embraced the optimistic spirit of the
Enlightenment.
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He firmly believed in the improvability of the
human race and so deplored the corrupt financial
practices and emerging social divisions that
threatened its achievement.
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Having seen the poverty of factory laborers in
the manufacturing regions of Britain, Jefferson
doubted that wageworkers had the economic and
political independence necessary to sustain a
republic.
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Jeffersons democratic vision of America was of
an agricultural society based on free labor.
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Although he had grown up a slave owner, Jefferson
pictured the West settled by productive farm
families.
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Those who labor in the earth are the chosen
people of God, he wrote in Notes on the State of
Virginia (1785).
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The grain and meat from their farms would feed
European nations, which would manufacture and
send us in exchange clothes and other comforts.
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Jeffersons notion of an international division
of labor was similar to that portrayed by
Scottish economist Adam Smith in The Wealth of
Nations (1775).
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Turmoil in Europe brought Jeffersons vision
closer to reality by creating new opportunities
for American farmers.
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The French Revolution began in 1789 four years
later, Frances republican government went to war
against a British-led coalition of monarchies.
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As warfare disrupted European farming, wheat
prices leaped from 5 to 8 shillings a bushel and
remained high for twenty years, bringing
substantial profits to Chesapeake and Middle
Atlantic farmers.
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onial-brochure/
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Simultaneously, a boom in the export of raw
cotton, fueled by the invention of the cotton
gin and the mechanization of cloth production in
Britain, boosted the economies of Georgia and
South Carolina.
etc.usf.edu
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As Jefferson had hoped, European markets brought
prosperity to American farmers and planters.
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