Disease History of emeralds Egyptians 1650 BC

1
Chemistry
Elements the Periodic Table
2
Engagement
Green Gold
How Does Your Garden Grow?
3
Engagement
Emeralds

• Columbia
• Lake Guatavita
• Spanish conquest
• Emerald mines
• Mythology
• 60 of the world production

4
Engagement
Emeralds

• Myths and legends
• Immortality
• Power
• Preservers of chastity
• Medicinal cures
• Dysentery
• Disease

5
Engagement
Emeralds

• History of emeralds
• Egyptians ? 1650 BC
• Austria
• South Africa
• Pakistan
• Columbia and Brazil
• Afghanistan
• Ancient Trader
• Silk Routes from China to Europe
• Origin of Antique Jewels

6
Engagement
Emeralds A Mineral that Should Not Exist!

• Valuable
• Rarer than Diamonds
• Beryl
• Beryllium and Aluminum
• Silicon and Oxygen
• Bright Green
• Al replaced by Cr or V
• Strange?

7
Engagement
Emeraldsa mineral that should not exist

• Examine the Periodic Table and use it to design
  an explanation for the existence of emeralds.
• Present your hypothesis on a poster.

8
Engagement
Emeraldsa mineral that should not exist

• Be, Si and Al and Cr and V
• Earths formation
• Molten
• Si and Al ? surface
• Fe ? mantle or core
• Elements
• Weight
• Size

9
Engagement
Emeraldsa mineral that should not exist

• Parting of the elements
• Surface rocks
• Crust
• Felsic
• Core
• Mantle
• Mafic

10
Engagement
Emeraldsa mineral that should not exist

• Surface rocks ? Be, Si, Al and O
• Core ? Cr and V
• How could the elements meet?

11
Engagement
Emeraldsa mineral that should not exist

• Plate tectonics- forces and uplift
• Plates collide
• Patchwork
• Emerald rain
• Hot liquid
• Super-hot mineral laden water
• Granite juice
• Fissures

12
Engagement
Emeraldsa mineral that should not exist

• Gardens
• Differences
• Trapped fossil
• Locations
• Columbia
• India
• Austria
• Pakistan

13
Engagement
Emeralds where did the jewels originate? HO 4.1

• Your group has been engaged to trace the history
  of some famous antique jewelry that contains
  emeralds.
• Use new techniques that were designed by Gaston
  Giuliani at the French Museum of Natural History
  the chemical analysis provided, determine the
  origin of the emeralds in
• Roman Emerald Earring
• Indian jewels
• Holy Crown of France

14
Engagement
Emeralds garden chemical analysis HO 4.1

• Garden chemistry
• Columbian emeralds
• High concentration of sodium chloride
• Low oxygen isotope ratio
• Indian emeralds
• Low concentration of sodium chloride
• Low oxygen isotope ratio

15
Engagement
Emeralds garden chemical analysis HO 4.1

• Garden chemistry
• Austria emeralds
•  No presence of sodium chloride
•  High oxygen isotope ratio
• Afghanistan/Pakistan emeralds
•  Moderate concentration of sodium chloride
•  High oxygen isotope ratio

16
Engagement
Emeralds roman earring

• French Natural History Museum
• Literature - Austrian mines
• Data
•  Moderate concentrations
• of NaCl
•  High ratio of O16 to O14

17
Engagement
Emeralds Indian emeralds

• French Natural History Museum
• Nizam of Hyderabad
• Cut in the 18th century
• Literature Austrian mines

18
Engagement
Emeralds Indian emeralds

• French Natural History Museum
• Data 1 1 emerald
• Moderate concentrations of NaCl
• High ratio of O16 to O14
• Data 2 3 emeralds
• High concentrations of NaCl
• Low ratio of O16 to O14

19
Engagement
Emeralds Holy Crown of France

• French Natural History Museum
• Louis IX 13th century
• Literature Austrian mines
• Data
• No concentrations of NaCl
• High ratio of O16 to O14

20
Exploration 1
Elements and the Periodic Table HO 4.2

• Elements from the Periodic Table combine to make
  compounds.

• Use the Periodic Table and the Ion Cards to
  determine how the elements combine.

21
Exploration 1
Elements and the Periodic Table HO 4.2
Use the Ion Cards to discover the chemical
formulas for the following 10 compounds (Ask
questions for compounds that present a
challenge.)

• Sodium chloride
• Magnesium fluoride
• Sodium hydroxide
• Lithium cyanide
• Calcium chloride

• Lithium oxide
• Magnesium bromide
• Potassium permanganate
• Potassium carbonate
• Beryllium bromide

22
Exploration 1
Elements and the Periodic Table HO 4.2

• Develop a set of guidelines for the use of the
  Ion Cards.
• How do the color combinations align to the
  Periodic Table?

23
Explanation 1
Elements and the Periodic Table HO 4.2

• Ion Cards
• Colors ? columns on the Periodic Table
• Columns ? the size of the cards
• Size of the Ion Cards ? charge on the ions
• Outline colors ? the sign on the charge of the
  ions

24
Exploration 2
Elements and the Periodic Table HO 4.3
Using the periodic table provided, arrange your
ion cards so that they resemble the periodic
table.
25
Exploration 2
Elements and the Periodic Table HO 4.3
Use the periodic table and the ion cards to
answer the following questions

• What type of ions are formed from elements in the
  1st column on the left side of the periodic
  table?
• What type of ions are formed from the elements in
  the 2nd column on the left of the periodic table?
• What type of ions are formed from the elements in
  the 7th column on the right side of the periodic
  table?
• What type of ions are formed from the elements in
  the 6th column on the right side of the periodic
  table?

26
Explanation 2
Elements and the Periodic Table

• Periodic Table
• Columns on the Periodic Table ? families of
  elements
• Elemental families
• Names
•  Charges
• Chemical properties

27
Elaboration
What can the Periodic Table tell me? HO 4.4

• Procedure
• Your picture shows one of the 109 elements that
  scientists have discovered. The Periodic Table is
  organized using the boxes and observed patterns
  in the information contained within the box.
• Each box provides information about
• Name of the element
• Symbol for the element
• Atomic number number of protons
• Atomic mass number protons and neutrons
• Average atomic mass weighed average based on
  the abundance of the isotopes of each element in
  nature.

28
Elaboration
Elements and the Periodic Table HO 4.4

• How many protons are there in your element?
• If atoms are electrically neutral, how many
  electrons are there in your element?
• How many neutrons in your element?
• Using your information from the first
  exploration, what is the charge on your element
  when it becomes an ion?

29
Elaboration
Elements and the Periodic Table HO 4.4

• How many electrons does your element have when it
  becomes an ion?
• Arrange the elements within your group in a way
  that shows a pattern.
• Arrange the elements is your group with the ones
  in the group next to yours. Explain your
  arrangement strategy to the group.
• Arrange all the elements in the class in at least
  two different ways. Explain your arrangement
  strategy.

30
Explanation 3
Elements and the Periodic Table

• The Periodic Table is one of the chemists
  most useful tools and provides information about
  each of the elements and how they relate to each
  other.
• What is a proton?
• What is a neutron?
• What is an electron?
• What is an ion?
• How does the Periodic Table give us
  information about ion charge and why is ion
  charge important?

31
Explanation 3
Elements and the Periodic Table

• Purpose
• Research
• Education
• Development of environmental technologies
• New type of laboratory
• State of the art systems
• Mechanical, architectural and computer
  monitoring
• Experimental project
• Unexpected
• Expected

32
Evaluation
Elements the Periodic Table HO 4.5

• Use the periodic table to complete the
  Evaluation Handout 4.5.