Nutritional Diseases

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Nutritional Diseases

• 4-H Veterinary Science
• Extension Veterinary Medicine
• Texas AgriLife Extension Service
• College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
  Sciences
• Texas AM System
• http//aevm.tamu.edu

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Objectives

• Discuss the importance of water in the animal
  diet
• Discuss the need for energy in the animal diet
• Discuss the importance of minerals in animal
  diets
• Discuss the importance of vitamins in animal
  diets
• Describe the signs of protein deficiency
• Describe the signs of a phosphorus deficiency
• Describe the signs and causes of grass tetany
• Describe the signs and causes of milk fever
• Describe the signs of vitamin and mineral
  deficiencies
• Give examples of nutritional diseases in cats,
  cattle and horses
• Discuss conditions that create increased
  nutritional needs

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• Nutrition is important
• Health maintenance
• Energy
• Affects all animals
• If improper nutrition
• Recognize changes
• Appearance
• Behavior
• Identify cause
• Correct problem

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• Diet
• The usual food and drink of a person or animal
• Nutrient
• A source of nourishment

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• Diets are comprised of nutrients
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Water
• Depends on
• Animal
• Activity

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Add Additional Nutrients

• Cold weather
• Parasite infestations
• Reduced appetite
• Chronic disease
• Pregnancy or milk production

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Undernourished animals

• Improperly fed
• Symptoms
• Changes in body weight
• Low
• Thin appearance
• Hair coat
• Dull and rough
• Activity
• Weak and depressed

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Requirements for Proper Nutrition

• Water
• Energy
• Minerals
• Vitamins

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Water

• Essential
• 60 makeup
• Continually lost
• Constantly replenish
• Maintain homeostasis
• 60 balance

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• Water requirements
• Digestive process
• Ruminants
• Physiological development
• Milk production
• Diet
• Supplements

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• Problems
• Dehydration
• Excessive loss of water from the body or from an
  organ or body part, as from illness or fluid
  deprivation
• Due to
• Diarrhea
• Kidney diseases
• Sick
• Refusal to drink

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• Solution
• Re-hydration
• IV fluids
• Stomach tube

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Energy

• Function
• Growth
• Body movement
• Found in
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Fats

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• How supplies
• Metabolic breakdown of diet
• Fat deposits
• Normal conditions
• Roughage (producers)
• Good quality

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• Working animals
• Supplement
• Protein
• Careful with overfeeding protein to pregnant
  animals

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Minerals

• Definition
• Any of the inorganic elements, as calcium, iron,
  magnesium, potassium, or sodium, that are
  essential to the functioning of the human body
  and are obtained from foods

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• Some minerals
• Calcium
• Bone structure
• Cell performance
• Muscle contraction
• Blood clotting
• Phosphorus
• Organ structure
• Nutrient transport
• Energy utilization

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• Iron
• Necessary for the transport of oxygen (via
  hemoglobin in red blood cells) and for oxidation
  by cells (via cytochrome)
• Anemia
• Copper
• Magnesium
• Muscle cramps
• Constipation

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• Potassium
• Critical for the normal functioning of the
  muscles, heart, and nerves
• Controlling activity
• Smooth muscle (digestive tract)
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Transmission of electrical signals throughout the
  nervous system

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• Normal conditions
• Good pastures
• Fertilized
• Problems
• Drought
• Non-fertilized fields
• Correct
• Supplements

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• Dogs and cats
• Commercial foods balanced
• All meat diets
• Need supplementation

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Vitamins

• Function
• Proper cell function
• Source
• Body produces
• Supplements

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• Found in roughage
• Vitamins A,D and E
• Produced by
• Ruminants
• Vitamins
• B
• C
• K
• Skin sunlight exposure
• Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency (rickets)
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Examples of Nutritional Diseases and Disorders

• Protein Deficiency
• Without enough protein
• Problem
• Underweight
• Weak
• Symptoms
• Swelling under
• Throat
• Brisket area
• Underline
• Fluid balance is upset

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• Phosphorus Deficiency
• Good pastures and feeds ok
• Problems with unfertilized pastures
• Symptoms
• Unthrifty
• Lame
• Stiff
• Pica
• Compulsive eating of non-nutritive substances

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• Grass tetany
• Aka Grass Staggers
• Magnesium deficiency
• Problem
• Grazing lush grass
• Low Mg, High K, N
• Interferes with absorption in digestive tract

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• Symptoms
• Excitability
• Inability to stand
• Stiff muscle convulsions
• Death
• Treatment
• Mg injection
• Prevention
• Have supplements available

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• Milk Fever
• Low blood calcium
• Hypocalcemia
• Symptoms
• Loss of appetite
• Depression
• Muscle tremors
• Grinding teeth
• Muscular paralysis
• Lies on sternum
• Head to side
• Possible death

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• Treatment
• Calcium injection
• Also occurs in dogs and horses
• Trembling
• Panting
• Nervousness
• Convulsions
• Death

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• Vitamin A deficiency
• Source
• Commercial feeds
• Green pasture
• Good hay
• Problems
• Skin and eye problems
• Abortions
• Retained placentas
• Weak newborns
• Night blindness
• Correction
• Supplement
• Good quality hay

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• Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
• High phosphorus, low calcium diets
• Affects
• Livestock on high-bran diets
• No supplements or hay
• Pets
• All meat diets
• No supplements

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• Symptoms
• Horses
• Bones thicken
• Head
• Face
• Pets
• Bones
• Weak
• Flexible

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• Taurine deficiency
• Cats
• Amino acid
• Symptoms
• Eye problems
• Blindness
• Weakening heart muscle
• Problem
• Cats eating dog food

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• Bloat in Cattle
• Rumen produces gases
• Cattle eructate (belch)
• Types
• Frothy bloat
• Free-gas bloat
• Problem
• Cant belch

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• Treatment
• Passing tube
• Abdominal wall puncture
• Drugs

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• Colic in Horses
• Intestinal problem
• Occurs when
• Change in diet
• Intestinal disease
• Lodged material

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• Symptoms
• Obvious pain
• Rolling
• Kicking
• Profuse sweating
• Treatment
• Laxatives
• Walking
• Surgery

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• Founder (laminitis)
• Problem
• Improper feeding
• Overfeeding of grain
• Bacterial toxins
• Affects hoof wall
• Causes
• Hoof
• Inflammation
• Pain
• Lameness
• Depression
• Loss of appetite
• Slow, painful walk

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• Treatment
• Horses
• Laxatives
• Cattle
• Flush feed from rumen
• Large stomach tube
• Surgery