Genetic Engineering

1
Genetic Engineering

• Chapter 13

2
Selective breeding

• Allowing animals with certain traits to breed to
  produce a desired offspring.
• Examples

3
Luther Burbank (1849-1926)

• American botanist who developed the disease
  resistant Burbank potato
• Used process of hybridization crossing
  dissimilar organisms to get best of both
  qualities.

4
Inbreeding

• The controlled breeding of closely related
  organisms.
• Positive effects controlled traits and
  characteristics. Pure bred dogs
• Negative effects excessive inbreeding can
  produce unwanted effects because of lack of
  variation. Blindness in German shepherds

5
Increasing variation

• Use radiation or chemicals
• Can produce new strains of bacteria and new
  plants.

6
Polyploidy

• Having a multiple of the normal chromosome
  number.
• Example regular chromosome number is 9.
  Polyploidy condition could be 18, 27, 36, etc.

7
DNA manipulation

1. Cutting DNA
2. Copying DNA
3. Changing DNA

8
DNA Extraction

• Where is the DNA located in a cell?
• -the nucleus
• First must break apart the cell membrane and
  nucleus to get at the DNA

9
Cutting DNA

• Usually use a restriction enzyme a chemical
  used to cut out a specific segment of DNA.

10
Gel Electrophoresis

• Placing a mixture of DNA into a gel and applying
  an electric current. DNA is then separated
  according to size.

11
Reading the DNA

• Using a computer, fluorescent dyes, and samples
  of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

12
Cutting and Pasting

• Use DNA synthesizers to make recombinant DNA (DNA
  from two different organisms spliced together)

13
Making copies

• PCR polymerase.
• Used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA
  or gene.
• Developed by Kary Mullis

14
Transformation

• When a cell (usually a bacterium) takes in DNA
  from outside the cell.
• Example Griffiths rats

15
Plasmids

• A small circular molecule of DNA
• It often has a DNA sequence that serves as an
  origin of replication.
• Contain genetic markers.

16
Transgenic organisms

• When an organism contains genes from other
  organisms.
• Example
• A tobacco plant that containd DNA from a firefly.

17
Biotechnology

• A new field of biology that utilizes genetic
  engineering to produce new substances in the
  fields of health and industry.

18
Transgenic animals

• Livestock can grow faster, better quality of
  meat, resistant to disease.
• Cows that produce human proteins in their milk.

19
Transgenic plants

• Usually cash crops such as cotton, corn, wheat,
  soybeans, etc.
• Often incorporates bacterial DNA to make the crop
  resistant to disease, pests, or chemicals.
• Ex Bt corn

20
Cloning

• Clone a member of a population of genetically
  identical cells produced from a single cell.
• 1997 first mammal cloned. Dolly, the sheep.

21
How do you make a clone?
22
Is cloning a good thing or a bad thing?

• Cloning articles

23
Assignment

• Page 337-338
• 1-10, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23, 32