Fire Safety I

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Fire Safety I

• INSY 3020/7970/7976/ENH 670
• Occupational Safety Ergonomics

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Outline

• Introduction to Fire Safety
• Exit Routes
• Fire Protection
• Emergency Action Plan
• Fire Prevention Plan
• OSHA Subpart E L
• Evacuation Modeling

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Introduction to Fire Safety

• Statistics Findings
• 10 deadliest public assembly fires in U.S.
  history
• Fire and its Chemistry
• NFPA 704 Diamond

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Statistics

• According to the U.S. Fire Administration, an
  average of 4,266 Americans lost their lives
  between 1992 and 2001 and another 24,913 were
  injured annually as the result of 1.9 million
  reported fires yearly.

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Findings

• Risk by age Children under the age of 5 and the
  population over the age of 54 are at the highest
  risk of death in fires. The risk of fire injury
  is greatest (over 1.0) in the 2044 and the 85
  age ranges.
• Risk by gender Men are 1.6 times more likely to
  die in a fire than women.
• Risk by region The risk of dying in a fire in
  the South is higher than other areas of the
  United States.
• Source U.S. Fire Administration/National Fire
  Data Center, Fire Risk-Topical Fire Research
  Series, Volume 4 Issue 7, December 2004.

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10 deadliest public assembly fires in U.S. history

• Iroquois Theater, Chicago, IL, December 30, 1903
  , 602 killed.
• Cocoanut Grove nightclub, Boston, MA, November
  28, 1942 , 492 killed.
• Conways Theater, Brooklyn, NY, December 5, 1876
  , 285 killed.
• Rhythm Club dance hall, Natchez, MS, April 23,
  1940 , 207 killed.
• Rhodes Opera House, Boyertown, PA, January 12,
  1908 , 170 killed.
• Ringling Brothers and Barnum Bailey circus
  tent, Hartford, CT, July 6, 1944 , 168 killed.
• Beverly Hills Supper Club, Southgate, KY, May 28,
  1977 , 165 killed.
• Richmond Theater, Richmond, VA, December 26, 1811
  , 160 killed (including the governor and a former
  US Senator from the state)
• The Station nightclub, West Warwick , RI,
  February 20, 2003 , 100 killed.
• Happy Land Social club, Bronx, NY, March 25, 1990
  , 87 killed.
• Source  NFPA files on major fire incidents.
  February 2003

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Fire

• Fire a chemical chain reaction in which a
  combustible material is rapidly oxidized and heat
  is produced.
• In less than 30 seconds a small flame can get
  completely out of control and turn into a major
  fire.

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Fire

• A fire's heat alone can kill. Room temperatures
  in a fire can be 100 degrees at floor level and
  rise to 600 degrees at eye level. Inhaling this
  super hot air will scorch your lungs. This heat
  can melt clothes to your skin. In five minutes a
  room can get so hot that everything in it ignites
  at once this is called flashover.

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Fire Chemistry

• The Fire Tetrahedron.
• The removal of any one element extinguishes the
  fire.

HEAT
OXYGEN
FUEL
CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION
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NFPA 704 Diamond
FIRE HAZARD
HEALTH HAZARD
REACTIVITY
SPECIFIC HAZARD
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Health Hazard

• 4 Deadly
• 3 Extreme Danger
• 2 Hazardous
• 1 Slightly Hazardous
• 0 Normal Material

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Flash Point

• Flash Points the temperature at which a liquid
  produces sufficient vapors that, if a heat source
  is presented, they will ignite momentarily.
• 4 Below 73 F
• 3 Below 100 F
• 2 Below 200 F
• 1 Above 200 F
• 0 Will Not Burn

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Reactivity

• 4 May Detonate
• 3 Shock and Heat may Detonate
• 2 Violent Chemical Change
• 1 Unstable if Heated
• 0 Stable

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Specific Hazard

• OXY Oxidizer
• ACID Acid
• ALK Alkali
• COR Corrosive
• W Water Reactive
• Radiation Hazard

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Exit Routes

• What is an exit route?
• How many exit routes must a workplace have?
• What are some other design and construction
  requirements for exits?
• What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
  operational features for exit routes?
• Source OSHA FACT Sheet, 2003

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What is an exit route?

• An exit route is a continuous and unobstructed
  path of exit travel from any point within a
  workplace to a place of safety.
• An exit route consists of three parts
• Exit access
• Exit
• Exit discharge

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Exit access

• portion of an exit route that leads to an exit.

Life Safety Code Handbook, 2003
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Exit

• Portion of an exit route that is generally
  separated from other areas to provide a protected
  way of travel to the exit discharge.

Life Safety Code Handbook, 2003
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Exit Discharge

• Part of the exit route that lead directly outside
  or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way,
  or open space with access to the outside.

Life Safety Code Handbook, 2003
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How many exit routes must aworkplace have?

• a workplace must have at least two exit routes to
  permit prompt evacuation of employees and other
  building occupants during an emergency.
• Exit routes must be located as far away as
  practical from each other in case one is blocked
  by fire or smoke.

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How many exit routes must aworkplace have?

• More than two exits
• the number of employees, or
• The size of the building, or
• The arrangement of the workplace

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Other design and construction requirements for
exits.

• Exits must be separated by fire resistant
  materialsthat is, one-hour fire-resistance
  rating if the exit connects three or fewer
  stories and two-hour fire-resistance rating if
  the exit connects more than three floors.

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Other design and construction requirements for
exits.
Life Safety Code Handbook, 2003
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Other design and construction requirements for
exits.

• Exits are permitted to have only those openings
  necessary to allow access to the exit from
  occupied areas of the workplace or to the exit
  discharge. Openings must be protected by a
  self-closing, approved fire door that remains
  closed or automatically closes in an emergency.

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Other design and construction requirements for
exits.
Life Safety Code Handbook, 2003
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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exit routes?

• OSHA standards require employers to do the
  following
• Keep exit routes free of explosive or highly
  flammable furnishings and other decorations.
• Arrange exit routes so employees will not have to
  travel toward a high-hazard area unless the path
  of travel is effectively shielded from the
  high-hazard area.
• Ensure that exit routes are unobstructed such as
  by materials, equipment, locked doors, or
  dead-end corridors.
• Ensure that safeguards designed to protect
  employees during an emergency remain in good
  working order.

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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exit routes?
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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exits?
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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exits?
Do Not Open This Door Unless Manager Or Floor
Supervisor Is Present.
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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exit routes?

• Provide lighting for exit routes adequate for
  employees with normal vision.
• Keep exit route doors free of decorations or
  signs that obscure the visibility of exit route
  doors.
• Post signs along the exit access indicating the
  direction of travel to the nearest exit and exit
  discharge if that direction is not immediately
  apparent. Also, the line-of-sight to an exit sign
  must be clearly visible at all times.
• Mark doors or passages along an exit access that
  could be mistaken for an exit Not an Exit or
  with a sign identifying its use (such as
  Closet).

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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exits?
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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exits?
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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exit routes?

• Install EXIT signs in plainly legible letters.
• Renew fire-retardant paints or solutions often
  enough to maintain their fire-retardant
  properties.
• Maintain exit routes during construction,
  repairs, or alterations.
• Provide an emergency alarm system to alert
  employees, unless employees can promptly see or
  smell a fire or other hazard in time to provide
  adequate warning to them.

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What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and
operational features for exits?
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Fire Protection (FP)

• Fire protection is the science and engineering
  principles to protect people and their
  environment from destructive fire.
• FP includes
• analysis of fire hazards
• mitigation of fire damage by proper design,
  construction , arrangement, and use of buildings,
  materials, structures, industrial processes, and
  transportation systems
• the design, installation and maintenance of fire
  detection and suppression and communication
  systems and post/fire investigation and
  analysis.

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Fire Protection Engineer

• A fire protection engineer (FPE) by education,
  training, and experience
• (1) is familiar with the nature and
  characteristics of fire and the associated
  products of combustion
• (2) understands how fires originate, spread
  within and outside of buildings/structures, and
  can be detected, controlled, and/or extinguished
  and
• (3) is able to anticipate the behavior of
  materials, structures, machines, apparatus, and
  processes as related to the protection of life
  and property from fire.

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Emergency Action Plan (EAP)

• An emergency action plan (EAP) is a written
  document required by particular OSHA standards.
• The purpose of an EAP is to facilitate and
  organize employer and employee actions during
  workplace emergencies.

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Are employers required to have emergency action
plans?

• If you have 10 or fewer employees, you may
  communicate your plan orally.
• If you have more than 10 employees, however, your
  plan must be written, kept in the workplace, and
  available for employee review.
• Here are the OSHA standards that require EAPs
• Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous
  Chemicals- 1910.119
• Fixed Extinguishing Systems, General -
  1910.160
• Fire Detection Systems, 1910.164
• Grain Handling - 1910.272
• Ethylene Oxide - 1910.1047
• Methylenedianiline - 1910.1050
• 1,3-Butadiene - 1910.1051

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What are the minimum elements of an emergency
action plan?

• Procedures for reporting fires and other
  emergencies.
• Procedures for emergency evacuation, including
  the type of evacuation and exit route
  assignments.
• Procedures for employees who stay behind to
  continue critical plant operations.
• Procedures to account for all employees after
  evacuation.
• Procedures for employees performing rescue or
  medical duties.
• Name or job title of employees to contact for
  detailed plan information.
• Alarm system to alert workers.

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Review the EAP

• You must also review the emergency action plan
  with each employee covered when the following
  occur
• Plan is developed or an employee is assigned
  initially to a job.
• Employees responsibilities under the plan
  change.
• Plan is changed.

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Fire Prevention Plan (FPP)

• The purpose of the fire prevention plan is to
  prevent a fire from occurring in a workplace.
• FPP describes the fuel sources (hazardous or
  other materials) on site that could initiate or
  contribute both to the spread of a fire, as well
  as the building systems, such as fixed fire
  extinguishing systems and alarm systems, in place
  to control the ignition or spread of a fire.

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Fire Prevention Plan (FPP)

• A fire prevention plan must be in writing, be
  kept in the workplace, and be made available to
  employees for review. However, an employer with
  10 or fewer employees may communicate the plan
  orally to employees.

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The minimum provisions of a fire prevention plan

• List of all major fire hazards,
• proper handling and storage procedures for
  hazardous materials,
• potential ignition sources and their control,
• the type of fire protection equipment necessary
  to control each major hazard,
• Procedures to control accumulations of flammable
  and combustible waste materials,

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The minimum provisions of a fire prevention plan

• Procedures for regular maintenance of safeguards
  installed on heat-producing equipment to prevent
  the accidental ignition of combustible materials,
• Name or job title of employees responsible for
  maintaining equipment to prevent or control
  sources of ignition or fires,

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The minimum provisions of a fire prevention plan

• Name or job title of employees responsible for
  the control of fuel source hazards,
• When you assign employees to a job, you must
  inform them of any fire hazards they may be
  exposed to, and
• Review with each employee those parts of the fire
  prevention plan necessary for self-protection.

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Handling and storage procedures for hazardous
materials
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potential ignition sources and their control
procedure