Project and Change Management

1
Project and Change Management

• ?????? ??? ?????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????

2
ITEC 0521 Project and Change Management

• Text Book
• 1) Information Technology Project Management 2nd
  Ed. by Jack T. Marchewka, Wiley.
• 2) A Guide To The Project Management Body Of
  Knowledge (PMBOK) by PMI Standards Committee.,
  William R. Duncan.
• Reference Book
• 1) Information Technology Project Management by
  Kathy Schwalbe, Thomson.
• 2) Project and Program Risk Management A Guide
  to Managing Project Risks and Opportunities by R.
  Max Wideman, Project Management Institute.

3
Score

• Homework 20
• Midterm (Close Book) 30
• Examination (Close Book) 50
• Note
• It may be changed if anyone has a good suggestion.

4
Content of Text Book (1)

• Chapter 1 The Nature of Information Technology
  Projects.
• Chapter 2 Conceptualizing and Initiating the IT
  Project.
• Chapter 3 Developing the Project Charter and
  Baseline Project Plan.
• Chapter 4 The Human Side of Project Management.
• Chapter 5 Defining and Managing Project Scope.
• Chapter 6 The Work Breakdown Structure and
  Project Estimation.
• Chapter 7 The Project Schedule and Budget.
• Chapter 8 Managing Project Risk.
• Chapter 9 Project Communication, Tracking, and
  Reporting.

5
Content of Text Book (1)

• Chapter 10 IT Project Quality Management.
• Chapter 11 Managing Organizational  Change,
  Resistance, and Conflict.
• Chapter 12 Project Procurement Management and
  Outsourcing
• Chapter 13 Leadership and Ethics.
• Chapter 14 Project Implementation, Closure, and
  Evaluation.
• Appendix A An Introduction to Function Point
  Analysis.

6
Information Technology Project Management

• by Jack T. Marchewka

7
Chapter 1

• The Nature of Information Technology Projects
• (??????????????????????????????????????????)

8
Chapter 1 Objectives

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????
  ??????? (information technology (IT) projects)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  IT
• ???????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????????
  (Knowledge Management) ???????????? ITPM
• ???????????????? IT project ??????????????????????
  ?
• ??????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ???? (Project Management (PM)
• ???????????????????????????? IT projects
  ????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????

9
Chapter 1 Objectives

• ????????????????????????????? (project life
  cycle) ????????????????????????? (systems
  development life cycle) ??? ??????????????????????
  ???
• ??????? Project Management Body of Knowledge
  (PMBOK) ??? core knowledge areas.

10
Project Management Statistics

• U.S. ????????????????? 2.3 trillion
  ???????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????? ( nations
  gross domestic product)
• ????????? 16 ?????????????????????????????????????
  ???? (project management) ????????????????????????
  ??? ???????????????????????????????????? (project
  manager) ??????????????????????? 82,000 ?????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  IT ???????????????? (IT application) ???? 2001
  ??? ??????? 300,000 ??????????? 2000
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????? ???? ???
  ??????? (Tom Peters) ?????????????????????????????
  ? Reinventing Work the Project 50, ??? To win
  today you must master the art of the project!

11
Advantages of Using Formal Project Management

• ???????????? financial, physical, ??? human
  resources ?????????
• ????????????????????? ????????????????????
• ???????????????????????
• ???????????
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????
• ???????????????(????)????????????

12
The Context of Project Management

• ?????????? ??????? (Project)
• ??????? (project) ??? ????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ??????? ??????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?
  ??? ?????????? ? ???????????????????
  ???????????????? ??????????????????????????
  (??????????) ??????????????? ? ???????????????????
  ?????
• ??????????????? ??? (?????????????????? ? ???)
  ?????????? ????????????????? ?!? ?????????
  ???????????????????????? (attribute)
  ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  (??????????? Project Attribute)

13
The Context of Project Management
???????????????? (Project Attributes)

• ??????????????????????? (Interdependent tasks)
• ?????????????????????? (Organizational change)
• ??????????????????????? (Operating Environment)

• ?????????? (Time Frame)
• ?????????????? (Purpose)
• ????????????????? (Ownership)
• ?????????? (Resources)
• ?????????????????? (Roles)
• ???????????????????????? (Risks Assumptions)

14
Project Characteristics

• ??????????????????????? ?????? (??????????????????
  ???? (unique) ???? ??????????????????? ?????)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• ??????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????? (????????????)
• ????????????????????????????????? (???? ????
  ??????????? ?????????)
• ??????????????????? (multifunctional) (cut across
  several functional lines)

15
What Helps Projects Succeed?

• ???????????? CHAOS 2001 A Recipe for Success,
  ????????????????????? IT projects ???????????????
  ?????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????? (Executive
  support)
• ???????????????? (User involvement)
• ???????????????????????????? (Experienced project
  manager)
• ????????????????????????????? (Clear business
  objectives)
• ??????????? (Minimized scope) (??????? ???????
  ????????? ??????)
• ??????????????????????????????? (Standard
  software infrastructure)
• ??????????????????????????? ? ?? (Firm basic
  requirements)
• ???????????????????????? ? ?? (Formal
  methodology)
• ???????????????????????????? (Reliable estimates)

16
Chaos Study
??1995
17
Need for Top Management Commitment

• ??????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• ????????????????????????????????

18
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??

• ????????????????
• ????????????? ??????????????????????
• ???????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????

• ???????????????
• ??????????? ? ??????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????? ? ??
• ????????????????????????? ????????
• ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????

19
????????????????????????????
20
Need for Organizational Commitment to IT

• ????????????????????? IT ?????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? IT ?????????????
• ????? Chief Information Officer (CIO)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? IT (?????????????)??????
• ???????????????????????????????????? IT
  ????????????????????????????? IT ???? ??????????
  ????????????????????????????? (commitment)
  ???????????

21
Need for Organizational Standards

• ??????? (Standard) ????????????????? (Guideline)
  ???? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ???????????????????? (Senior management)
  ????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????
  ???? (project plans) ???? ????????????????????????
  ??? (status information) ???? ?
• ???????????????????????????????? (project
  management office) ???? ??????????????????????????
  ?? (center of excellence)

22
The Software Crisis

• If builders built buildings the way programmers
  wrote programs, then the first woodpecker that
  came along would destroy civilization.
• -Gerald Weinberg

23
Why Projects Fail?

• ???????????????????? (Cost Overruns)
• ???????????????? (Schedule Overruns)
• ?????????????? ? ?????????????????????????
  (Addition of features)
• ??????????? ? ?????????????????????????????
  (Deletion of features due to time and cost
  overruns)
• ???????????????????????????????????? (Project is
  cancelled before completion)
• ???????????????????????????? (User
  dissatisfaction and non use)

24
Improving the likelihood of success

• ?????????????????????????????????????
  (Socio-technical Approach)
• ????????????????????????? (Project Management
  Approach) ???????
• ????????????? ? ????????????
• ???????????? ?
• ???????????
• ??????????
• ????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????? (Knowledge
  Management Approach)
• ?????????????? (lesson learned)
• ???????????????????????? (best practices)

25
The Triple Constraint

• ??? ? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????
• Scope goals ??????????????????????????????
• Time goals ???????????????????????????
• Cost goals ???????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? goal ??????????

26
The Triple Constraint
?????????
????????
??????
27
What is Project Management?

• Project management is the application of
  knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to
  project activities in order to meet project
  requirements (PMI, Project Management Body of
  Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 2000, p. 6)
• ???????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????
  ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????????????
  ? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????

The Project Management Institute (PMI) is an
international professional society. Their web
site is www.pmi.org.
28
The Culture Factor

• ???????????????????????? daily working ???
  project manager ??? line managers
  ????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????
• ????????????? functional employees
  ????????????????????????????????? line manager
  ?????? (??????????????) ??????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????? (?????????????)

Functional Manager
Project Manager 1
Project Manager 2
29
Project Resources

• ????
• ????? (Manpower)
• ??????????
• ??????????????????
• ???????? (Materials)
• ????????/?????????

30
Project Obstacles

• ????????????????????? (Project complexity)
• ????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????
  ??????
• ????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????? (Project risks)
• ?????????????????????????? (Changes in
  technology)
• ???????????????????????????????? (Forward
  planning and pricing)

31
Roles

• ?????????????(?????????????????)??????????
  (Project Stakeholders)
• ???????????????? (Project Manager)
• ???????????????????????????????????????? (Project
  Sponsor)
• ????????????????????????????????? (Subject Matter
  Expert(s) (SME))
• ?????????????????? (Technical Expert(s) (TE))

32
Project Stakeholders

• Stakeholders ??? ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????
• ??????????????????? (Stakeholders) ??????????
• Project sponsor ??? Project team
• support staff
• customers
• users
• suppliers
• opponents to the project

33
Project Manager Roles

• ???????? Kick off Meeting
• ??????????????????????? (project policies) ???
  ?????????????????? ? (procedures)
• ??????????????????????????? (project plan) ???
  ????????????????????????????????? (workflow)
• ????????????????? (Obtaining funding)
• ??????????????? (Executing the plan)
• ???????????????????????????????? (project
  facilitator)
• ?????????? (Putting out fires)

34
Project Manager Roles

• ???????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????
  (deadlines)
• MBWA Manage by walking around
• ??????????????????????? (Evaluating performance)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? (Developing contingency plans)
• ????????????????? ? ??? project sponsor, customer
  ??? team ???
• ?????????????

35
Classical Management

• ????????? (Planning)
• ??????(?????)??????? (Organizing)
• ??????????????? (Staffing)
• ?????????? (Directing)
• ???????????????????????? (Controlling)
• ?????????????? ? ??? POSDC
• Which of the above is Usually NOT performed by
  the project manager?

36
????????????????????
37
The Project Sponsor

• ??????????????????????????????????
• Sponsor ???????/??????????????????????????????????
  ??
• ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ????????????? (run interference)

38
The Experts

• ??????????????????????????????????? ?
  ??????????????????????? (Subject Matter Expert(s)
  (SME))
• ?????????????????? (Technical Expert(s) (TE))
• ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ? ??????????????????????????? functional
  manager ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????

39
Role of Functional Managers

• Functional manager ???????????????????? (task)
  ??????????????????????????? (??? ????????????????
  technical criteria..How not What)
• Functional manager ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? (projects constraint ???? ???? ????????
  ???????) (???? ????????????????????)
• ?????????? ???? ??? A ???? Proj. Mgr.
  ?????????????? supply chain ??????????????? IT
  ?????????????? ?????????????? ??? B ???????? IT
  Mgr. (??? B ?????? Functional Manager) ??? B
  ?????????????????? ??????????????? IT ???? SC
  ??????????????? (How) ??????????????? ???????????
  ??? C (?????????????? IT) ??????????? ???????? C
  ????????????????????????????????????? ???
  ????????????????? A (???????? Proj. Mgr.) ??? ???
  B (???????? Functional Mgr.)

40
Functional Obstacles

• ??????????????????????????????????? (Unlimited
  work requests)
• ????????? (deadline) ???????????????????
  (Predetermined deadlines)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  (high priority) ????????
• ???????????? ? ???????????? (?????????????)
• ?????????????????????????? (?????????????????)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? (project plan)
• ??????????????????????????????????????
  (Unpredicted lack of progress)
• ?????????????????????????????????????????? (????
  ?????????????)

41
Functional Obstacles

• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  (???? ???????????????????????)
• ?????????????????????????????????????????? (????
  ????????????????????)
• ????????????????????????????? turnover ???????
  (???? ??????????? ????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????)

42
The Antidote Good Planning

• ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ????
• Functional units ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  (?????? ??????????????????)
• ????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  (?????????????????????)
• ????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????? ???
  ??????????????????????????????????????? ?
  ???????????????

43
Project Plan Requirements

• ???????????? ? ?????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????? (?????????????????????
  ????????????????)
• ??????????????????????? (timetable milestones)
  ???? ?
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? (???? ???????????????????????????????????
  ???)
• ??????????????????????????? (????????
  ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ????????)

44
Risks Assumptions

• Risk ???? ?????????????? ? ?????????????
  ???????????????????
• ????? (Internal)
• ?????? (External)
• ???????????? ? (Assumptions)

45
Internal Risks

• ????????????????????????????????? ?
• ???????????????????????????? ?
• ?????????????????????????????? ?
• ???????????????????????????????????????? ?
• ????????????????????????????(??????????????????)??
  ??????????????? ?
• ???????????? (?????) input ?????????????
  (contract) ??????? ?
• ?? RFP (Request for Pricing) ????????????????
  contract ??????? ?

46
External Risks

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ?
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ?
• ?????????????? client staff ??????????????????????
  ??????????????? ?
• ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?
• ???????????(??????????????????????????)???????????
  ???????????????????? ?

47
Assumptions

• ?????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ?
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?

48
Reporting

• ????????????????????????????????(?????????????????
  ??????)???????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????? (junior
  project manager) ?????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ????????????????????????????? senior
  functional executives ??????????????????????

49
The Tip of the Iceberg Syndrome
DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY TO PROJECT MANAGER
EXECUTIVE MEDDLING
LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF HOW PROJECT MANAGEMENT
SHOULD WORK
LACK OF TRAINING IN COMMUNICATIONS /
INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
MANY OF THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT
MANAGEMENT WILL SURFACE MUCH LATER IN THE PROJECT
AND RESULT IN MUCH HIGHER COSTS
50
The Project Life Cycle and IT Development
51
Definitions

• ???????????????????? (Project Life Cycle (PLC))
• ????????????????? (Deliverable)
• Phase exits, stage gates, or kill points
• Fast tracking

52
Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle

• ??????????????????????????????? ???? ???? ?????
  ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ? ???? ???? (0-3???) ????? (4
  (??????) 25 (?? ?.??)) ????? (26-60) ???
  (60-80) ????????? ????????????????????????? ?
  (???? ??? (phase)) ?????????????????????????
• ???????????????????? (project life cycle, PLC)
  ??? ????????????????? ? ?????????? (collection of
  project phases)
• ???????? ? ????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ? ????????????
• ?????????? (concept)
• ???????? (development)
• ????????????? (implementation)
• ??????????? (support)

53
Generic Project Life Cycle
54
Phases/Stages of PLC

• ??????????????????????? (Define project goal)
• ????????????? (Plan project)
• ??????????????? ? (What, why, how, who, et al)
• ??????????????? (Baseline)??????
  (????????????????????????????)
• ???????????????????????????????????? (Baseline
  plan) ??? ??????????????????????????
• ?????????? (Close project)
• ????????????????? (Evaluate project)

55
Product Life Cycles

• ????????? (Products) ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????????? (Systems Development
  Life Cycle (SDLC)) ???????????????????????????????
  (????)?????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????? (Systems development projects)
  ????????????????? ??????????????
• predictive models ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
• adaptive models ????????????????????????????????
  (mission driven) ??? ??????????????????????????
  (component based) ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? target dates

56
Systems Development Life Cycle
?????????
??????
??????
??????????
???????????
57
Systems Development Life Cycle

• ????????????????????? SDLC ????? ???????????
  (phase) ???? ??????? (stage) ??????????????(sequen
  tial) ??????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????
• ????/??????? (Phases/Stages)
• ????????? (Planning)
• ???????????? (Analysis)
• ????????? (Design)
• ?????????????? (Implementation)
  (?????????????????????????)
• ????????????????????????????? (Maintenance and
  Support)

58
Implementing SDLC

• ????????????????????????? (Structured
  Approaches)
• ?????????????????????? (Waterfall Method)

59
Putting the SDLC into Practice

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Systems Development)
• ?????????????????????? (Waterfall Method)
• ???????????????????????????????????????? (Rapid
  Applications Development (RAD))
• ??????????? (Prototyping)
• ????????????????????????? (Spiral Development)
• ?????????????????????? ? (Extreme Programming)

60
The PLC vs the SDLC
61
The Relationship Between the PLC and the SDLC

• ??????????????? ?????????????????????????
  (systems development life cycle (SDLC))
  ???????????????????????????????????????? (project
  life cycle (PLC))
• PLC ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• SDLC ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?
  ????????????????????????????????? IT Solution
  ???/??????????????? (??????)
• ??? SDLC ??? ???????????????????????? PLC
  ?????????????????????

62
????????? (?????????????) ??? ????? (????????????)
63
Predictive Life Cycle Models

• Waterfall model ??????????? ??????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ????????????????? ?????????????? (linear
  approach)
• Spiral model ??????? ?????????????????????????????
  ?? ? (iterative) ???? ???????????????????????
  (spiral approach) ??????????????? linear approach
• Incremental release model ????????? progressive
  development ??? operational software
• Prototyping model ??????????????????????????
  (prototype) ??????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? (clarify user requirements)
• RAD model ??????????????????????? ?
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  (sacrificing quality)

64
Adaptive Life Cycle Models

• Extreme Programming (XP) ???????????????????????
  ?????????? ? ??????????? ? ????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? XP ????????????? ???????? ?????????
  ??? ?????? ???????????????????
• Scrum Repetitions of iterative development are
  referred to as sprints, which normally last
  thirty days. Teams often meet every day for a
  short meeting, called a scrum, to decide what to
  accomplish that day. Works best for
  object-oriented technology projects and requires
  strong leadership to coordinate the work

65
Extreme Project Management (XPM)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ?????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? ???????? XPM ???????????????????????
  ??????????????????? (chaotic) ??? ????????????
  (unpredictable) ??????? XPM ??????????????????????
  ?????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????

66
Why Have Project Phases and Management Reviews?

• ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ????????????????????
• Management reviews (????????????? phase exits
  ???? kill points) ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? (??????????????????
  ??????????) ??? ?????????????? organizational
  goals

67
The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)

• ???????????????? (Guide) ??? Project Management
  Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) ?????????? 9
  project management knowledge areas.
• The PMBOK Guide is published and maintained by
  the Project Management Institute (PMI).
• http//www.pmi.org

68
Project Management Knowledge Areas
69

• 1. ??????????????????????????????? (Project
  integration management)
• 2. ????????????????????????? (Project scope
  management)
• 3. ???????????????????????????? (Project time
  management)
• 4. ??????????????????????????? (Project cost
  management)
• 5. ????????????????????????? (Project quality
  management)
• 6. ???????????????????????????????? (Project
  human resources management)
• 7. ???????????????????????????? (Project
  communications management)
• 8. ????????????????????????????? (Project risk
  management)
• 9. ???????????????????????????? (Project
  procurement management)

70
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71
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72

• 1. ??????????????????????????????? (Project
  integration management) ??????????
• 1.1 ????????????????????? (Project Plan
  Development)
• 1.2 ?????????????????????????? (Project Plan
  Execution)
• 1.3 ????????????????????????????? (Integrated
  Change Control)
• 2. ????????????????????????? (Project scope
  management)
• 2.1 ??????????????? (Initiating)
• 2.2 ??????????????? (Scope Planning)
• 2.3 ?????????????? (Scope Definition)
• 2.4 ??????????????? (Scope Verification)
• 2.5 ????????????????????????? (Scope Change
  Control)

73

• 3. ???????????????????????????? (Project time
  management)
• 3.1 ???????????????????????? (Activity
  Definition)
• 3.2 ????????????????????????????? (Activity
  Sequencing)
• 3.3 ????????????????????????????????????
  (Activity Duration Estimating)
• 3.4 ??????????????????????????????????? (Schedule
  Development)
• 3.5 ?????????????????????????????? (Schedule
  Control)
• 4. ??????????????????????????? (Project cost
  management)
• 4.1 ????????????????????? (Resource Planning)
• 4.2 ??????????????????? (Cost Estimating)
• 4.3 ??????????????????????? (Cost Budgeting)
• 4.4 ??????????????????? (Cost Control)

74

• 5. ????????????????????????? (Project quality
  management)
• 5.1 ??????????????????? (Quality Planning)
• 5.2 ??????????????? (Quality Assurance)
• 5.3 ??????????????? (Quality Control)
• 6. ???????????????????????????????? (Project
  human resources management)
• 6.1 ??????????????? (Organizational Planning)
• 6.2 ??????????????????? (Staff Acquisition)
• 6.3 ???????????
• 7. ???????????????????????????? (Project
  communications management)
• 7.1 ??????????????????????? (Communication
  Planning)
• 7.2 ????????????????? (Information Distribution)
• 7.3 ???????????????????? (Performance Reporting)
• 7.4 ???????????????????????????????
  (Administrative Closure)

75

• 8. ????????????????????????????? (Project risk
  management)
• 8.1 ????????????????????????? (Risk Management
  Planning)
• 8.2 ??????????????????? (Risk Identification)
• 8.3 ???????????????????????????????? (Qualitative
  Risk Analysis)
• 8.4 ????????????????????????????????
  (Quantitative Risk Analysis)
• 8.5 ????????????????????????????? (Risk Response
  Planning)
• 8.6 ??????????????????????????????? (Risk
  Monitoring and Control)
• 9. ???????????????????????????? (Project
  procurement management)
• 9.1 ??????????????????????? (Procurement
  Planning)
• 9.2 ??????????????????????????????????
  (Solicitation Planning)
• 9.3 ??????????? (Solicitation)
• 9.4 ????????????????? (Source Selection)
• 9.5 ??????????????????????? (Contract
  Administration)
• 9.6 ??????????? (Contract Closeout)

76
Top Ten Most In-Demand IT Skills
77
Top Information Technology Skills
Percentage of Respondents
Information Technology (IT) Skill
Cosgrove, Lorraine, January 2004 IT Staffing
Update, CIO Research Reports (February 3, 2004).
78
???????? 1

• ????? ..