ISSUES IN SPORTS

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ISSUES IN SPORTS
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GOALS FOR YOUTH SPORTS ATHLETES PERSPECTIVES

• Have fun
• Learn sport skills
• Spend time with friends
• Feel successful
• Have something to do

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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PARENTS IN YOUTH SPORTS

• Most parents want to
• Share their interest in sports
• Keep their children active
• Have games played in organized, supervised, and
  safe environments
• Have their children develop teamwork,
  cooperation, self-discipline, and sportsmanship
• Have their children learn how to work with others
• Have fun

• Some parents
• Emphasize winning (Did you win is always the
  first question parents ask their children.)
• Push their child to earn a grant-in-aid or become
  a professional athlete through year-round
  training and specialization in one sport

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PROBLEMS IN YOUTH SPORTS

• Pressure to win (at all costs)
• Poorly trained coaches
• Parental interference and pressure
• Loss of values or ideals (cheating)
• Injury risks ignored
• Violence and gamesmanship

• Sport specialization
• Only the skilled play the others sit on the
  bench
• Restricted to one position
• Financial burden on parents and disruptive to
  families
• Not fun any more

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PROPOSED CHANGES IN YOUTH SPORTS

• Making sure that having fun is most important
• Developing sports skills
• Emphasizing playing several sports, not
  specializing in one sport
• Playing every child in each game and in different
  positions
• Educating coaches so they will teach skills,
  strategies, and rules in developmentally-appropria
  te ways
• Matching youths abilities and maturity levels
• Keeping the games and participants safe

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PROPOSED CHANGES IN YOUTH SPORTS

• Educating parents so they model proper behaviors
• Giving each child an equal opportunity to strive
  for success
• Deemphasizing winning
• Giving certificates of participation, not
  trophies
• Eliminating individual awards and tournaments
  that reduce playing opportunities
• Avoiding all-star and traveling teams
• Teaching and modeling values like cooperation,
  discipline, fair play, respect, responsibility,
  sportsmanship, and teamwork

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INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS

• Viewed as an important part of the educational
  and extracurricular activities of students
• So students can
• Develop their sport skills
• Learn values like teamwork, cooperation,
  self-discipline, and sportsmanship
• Keep active and physically fit
• Play fun-filled games in an organized,
  supervised, and safe environment
• Learn how to work as a member of a team
• Provide a shared activity for students, schools,
  and communities

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PROBLEMS FACING INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS

• Lack of adequate funding
• Lack of adequate facilities and equipment
• Lack of qualified coaches for all sports
• Lack of parental and school support
• Lack of emphasis on teaching values

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ISSUES IN INTERSCHOLASTIC SPORTS

• Too much emphasis on winning
• Year-round conditioning programs
• Specialization in one sport
• Athletes expected to play while hurt
• Coaches jobs depending on winning
• Drug use and abuse
• Unsportsmanlike conduct (violence)
• No pass, no play
• Hazing

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EQUALITY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

• 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act
  (IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education
  Act)
• 1978 Amateur Sports Act
• 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act
• 1952 Paralympic Games
• 1968 Special Olympics

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EQUALITY FOR MINORITIES

• Excluded from professional leagues and most
  colleges and schools (prior to 1940s)
• Quota system (historically through 1990s)
• Stacking (historically through 1990s)
• Academic exploitation (is this continuing?)
• Economic exploitation (is this continuing?)
• Limited opportunities for coaching and management
  positions (changing gradually)

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ISSUES FOR MINORITIES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Tracking in high school
• Sliding scale for high school grades and college
  entrance tests
• Non-qualifiers and grants-in-aid to only the
  highly skilled
• Tutorial support
• Upward mobility through sports

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TITLE IX COMPLIANCE AREAS

• Financial assistance (scholarships) must be
  available on a substantially proportional basis
• Program areas so that males and females receive
  equivalent treatment, benefits, and
  opportunities, such as equipment and supplies and
  practice and competitive facilities
• Interests and abilities of male and female
  students are equally effectively accommodated

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TITLE IX THREE-PRONG TEST

• Participation opportunities are substantially
  proportionate to the undergraduate enrollment.
• There must have been a continuing practice of
  program expansion in response to developing
  interests and abilities of the under represented
  sex.
• An institution must show that the interest and
  abilities of the members of the under represented
  sex have been fully and effectively accommodated.

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TITLE IX How Informed Are You?

• ______ 1. All educational institutions today are
  in full compliance with Title IX of the 1972
  Education Amendments because it is federal law.
• ______ 2. Title IX applies only to those programs
  in an educational institution that directly
  receive federal financial assistance.
• ______ 3. No federal money has ever been lost
  because of a violation of Title IX.

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TITLE IX How Informed Are You?

• ______ 4. Title IX permits those mens teams that
  generate revenue to receive additional financial
  aid and program benefits as long as these
  benefits are paid for out of the revenues that
  are produced by these sports.
• ______ 5. The three-part test used for
  determining participation opportunities requires
  the elimination of mens sports teams in order to
  achieve proportionality.

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TITLE IX How Informed Are You?

• ______ 6. The ratio of males and females within
  the undergraduate student body is used as the
  basis for determining whether participation
  opportunities for males and females are
  substantially proportional.
• ______ 7. One way to comply with the
  participation opportunities required by Title IX
  is to provide the same number of mens teams as
  womens teams.

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TITLE IX How Informed Are You?

• ______ 8. Title IX requires the expenditure of
  the equal amount of funds for mens
  intercollegiate athletics as for womens
  intercollegiate athletics.
• ______ 9. Title IX requires that coaches of
  womens teams receive the same salaries as the
  coaches of mens teams.
• ______ 10. An institution found guilty of
  violating Title IX risks having to pay
  compensatory and/or punitive damages.

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ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Academics
• Preferential admissions
• Missed classes
• Freshman eligibility
• Unearned grades
• Failure to graduate
• Addressing academic issues
• Satisfactory progress
• Degree designation
• Academic Progress Rate

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ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Recruiting violations
• Contacts
• Transcript tampering
• Inducements
• Pressures to win
• Sports as businesses (commercialization)

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ISSUES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Loss of educational and ethical values
• Loss of institutional control
• Media exposure and influence
• Point shaving and gambling
• Drug use and abuse

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POSSIBLE CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Admit only those athletes who meet the academic
  standards for admission to the institutions they
  attend
• Limit grants-in-aid to tuition, fees, and books,
  award them only on the basis of need, and
  guarantee them for five years
• Require one-year residency prior to competition
  for freshmen and transfer students so that
  academic eligibility is based on a students
  academic performance not on a standardized test
  score or grades from high school

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POSSIBLE CHANGES IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS

• Provide academic support services to all students
  equally and under the auspices of the faculty and
  academic affairs
• Require that eligibility for competition requires
  maintaining a minimum of a cumulative 2.0 grade
  point average
• Restrict the schedules of all sports to no more
  than one day of competition per week while
  classes are in session
• Excuse athletes from classes no more than five
  days per academic year for travel and competition

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EQUALITY FOR SENIOR CITIZENS

• Biases limiting prior opportunities
• Living longer and quality of life issues
• Increased political and economic influence
• Masters competitions
• 1987 Senior Games

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THREATS TO THE INTEGRITY OF SPORT

• Academic issues
• Breaking the rules to gain competitive advantages
  
• Pressures to win
• Violence
• Gambling
• Arms race
• Excessive commercialization
• Drug abuse

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PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS IN SPORTS
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PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS IN SPORTS

• Sources trainers, doctors, coaches, and
  teammates
• Drug testing http//www.ncaa.org/library/sports_sc
  iences/drug_testing_program/2003-04/2003-04_drug_t
  esting_program.pdf
• National Center for Drug Free Sport, Inc.
  administers the NCAA testing program
• 4th Amendment guarantee of rights against
  unreasonable searches (urinalysis)
• 14th Amendment adds state protection

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MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES

• Founder Pierre deCoubertin
• Purposes
• Spread physical education and sports around the
  world
• Raise the standard of physical achievement,
  especially in France
• Link all people of the world in friendship

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ISSUES WITH THE OLYMPIC GAMES

• Drug abuse
• Politics
• Commercialization
• Cheating

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POSSIBILIITES FOR THE REFORM OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

• Build a permanent Olympic Center that would be
  open year-round for championships
• Enlarge the Olympic Games to include more sports
  during more days
• Reduce excessive displays of nationalism during
  award ceremonies, such as anthems
• Enlarge and revamp the membership of the
  International Olympic Committee
• Remove team sports competition
• Make the Olympic Games annual events