Energy systems.

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Energy systems.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Foods Fuel and Energy Systems
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A Maria Sharapova serve takes 1-2 seconds to
perform. Its fast explosive. She might do this
hundreds of time over a game. Plus she has to run
fwd, bkwd and sideways for 1-2 hours. Her Muscles
requires ENERGY to do this.
Where does this energy come from?
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Food Fuels our Body
1. CARBOHYDRATES (Glycogen)
2. PROTEIN
3. FATS
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CARBOHYDRATES
Pastas
Cereals
Rice
Fruit/Veges
Breads
Sugar
Carbohydrates are stored as Glycogen in Muscle
Liver
CHO is the bodys preferred fuel during Exercise
breaks down easily, uses little oxygen
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PROTEIN
Fish
Red Meat
Poultry
Eggs
Dairy products
GRAINS
Protein is stored as MUSCLE and AMINO ACIDS
around the body.
5-10 contribution to endurance events Mainly
used for growth/repair
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FATS
Butter
Oils
Margarine
Nuts
Cheese
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Food that we ingest is stored and burnt to fuel
our muscles
This food must be converted into a chemical
compound called ATP
Without ATP, Muscles cannot contract
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A.T.P.

• Adenosine triphosphate.
• This is energy for muscle contraction.
• Energy for movement of muscle fibres is stored
  in the muscle as a molecule of ATP.

Adenosine
P
P
P
Adenosine triphosphate
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To use the stored ATP

• To release the energy, ATP is broken down into
  ADP Pi (Adenosine diphosphate Phosphate
  molecule)
• The energy released allows for a muscle
  contraction.

P
P
Pi
Adenosine
Energy
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Resynthesis of ATP

• There is only enough stored ATP for about 1-2
  contractions, soooo.we must resynthesise ADP
  back into ATP.
• Fuel and energy for this comes from CHO, Fats,
  Proteins and Creatine phosphate.
• These fuel sources resynthesise the free
  Phosphate molecule (Pi) back to the ADP to reform
  ATP.

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CHO, Fats, Proteins, CP

P
P
Pi
Adenosine
Resynthesises the ADP back to ATP
P
P
Pi
Adenosine
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ATP is used in all 3 energy systems.

• The type of energy system used and the interplay
  between them depends on the frequency, duration,
  intensity of the activity and fitness levels of
  the individual.

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The 3 energy systems

• The ATP PC system
• Alactacid system
• Creatine phosphate system
• Phosphagen system.
• The Lactic Acid Systems
• Anaerobic glycolysis system
• Lactacid system
• Aerobic System
• Aerobic Glycolysis

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ATP PC system

• ATP breaks down to ADP Pi to release energy.
• The ADP Pi must be reformed to ATP for
  continued muscle function.
• PC provides the energy for the free Pi to be
  re-attached to the ADP molecule to form ATP.

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ATP PC system cont..

• PC stored in the muscles breaks down
  anaerobically (without O2) to form Phosphate and
  creatine. This releases energy for the
  resynthesis of ATP.
• It takes 2 PC molecules to resynthesise 1 ATP
  molecule (one PC 0.7 ATP).
• NOTE The resynthesis of PC (Phosphate creatine
  PC) occurs in the recovery phase.

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For activity lasting
0-10 SEC
ATP-PC SYSTEM
10-30/40 SEC
LACTIC ACID SYSTEM
30 SEC- 2MINS
AEROBIC SYSTEM
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ATP-PC SYSTEM
CP instantly available, but runs out quickly
Uses stores of CP (Creatine Phosphate) to REMAKE
ATP
Used for high intensity Jumps, Throws, Sprints
Only have 10 seconds of CP in muscles
If activity lasts longer than 10 sec, ATP must be
REMADE by some other means..
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Summary

• Each ATP molecule is made up of an adenosine part
  and three phosphate groups. When 1 mole (1) of
  ATP is broken down, 7 to 12 Kcal (2) of energy is
  released.
• Besides ATP, there is still another high-energy
  compound called phosphocreatine (PC) inside the
  human muscle cells. When PC is broken down,
  energy is released for the resynthesis of ATP.

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Summary Cont

• However, the total amount of PC stored in the
  human body is also extremely limited. There are
  altogether 450 to 510 mM PC, or 4.5 to 5.1 Kcal
  of energy in the human body. The energy released
  from the breaking down of ATP is also required to
  resynthesize PC. Nevertheless, this process will
  be carried out when the human body is in the
  recovery stage.
• The complete ATP-PC system can only supply 5.7 to
  6.9 Kcal of energy, which can maintain about 10
  seconds of maximal efforts.

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Summary cont

• The importance of the ATP-PC system is that it is
  the instant energy source in the human body.
• The ATP-PC system does not require oxygen in
  the muscles for proper functioning. Besides, the
  required fuels (ATP and PC) have already been
  stored in the muscle cells
• The chemical reactions involved when PC is broken
  down are fewer than the other two energy systems.
• The ATP-PC system is particularly important for
  high-intensity and high- speed activities that
  need to be completed in a few seconds (e.g.,
  starting, jumping, throwing, and weight lifting).
  

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LACTIC ACID SYSTEM
Body uses stored fuel of GLYCOGEN to REMAKE ATP
Need Oxygen to do this properly
About 2-3 hours of glycogen stored in body.
Downside by-product called Lactate. Hydrogen
Ions also released which inhibit muscle
contraction
Happens because of lack of enough Oxygen to break
down Glycogen
400m run, 800m at high intensity
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AEROBIC SYSTEM
Plenty of Oxygen available to remake ATP . So no
LA or H is accumulated
Used in longer, sub-max activities. Long run,
swim, cycle.
Like the LA system, the Aerobic uses Glycogen to
remake ATP.
Oxygen supply meets demand
We use this system at REST (Now!) except we
burn
Will keep suppling ATP for as long as Fitness
levels allow
FAT!!!!
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During REST
Any rest, short OR Long, CP is being replenished,
so we can sprint again. BUT, need 3 minutes
rest to get all CP back!
Any Lactate and Hydrogen Ions are removed from
muscles blood stream too.
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Things to remember
All 3 turn on at once no matter what the
activity.
However, depending on intensity and duration of
the activity, ONE system will contribute more
than the other TWO.
The 3 Energy Systems are not like TRAFFIC LIGHTS.
One does not switch off and another goes on.