ZERO-EMISSION ENERGY PLANTS

1
ZERO-EMISSION ENERGY PLANTS

• Dr. Robert Bob Wright
• Senior Program Manager
• Office of Sequestration, Hydrogen and Clean Coal
  Fuels
• Office of Fossil Energy
• U. S. Department of Energy
• Washington, DC
• The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference
• Global Energy Management Institute
• University of Houston
• Houston, Texas
• 18 November 2004

2
America Depends on Fossil Energy
2025136 Quads
AEO 2004 Table A1
3
Contaminant Emissions Down
U.S. Power Plants
Coal Use
Electricity Generation
Index 1970 1
Natural Gas Use
Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate Matter
Year
EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends
Report, 1999 (March 2001) DOE, EIA Annual Energy
Review
4
CO2 Concentration On The Rise
From 280 ppm to 370 ppm over the last 100 years
5
CO2 from Combustion in U. S.
Natural Gas Petroleum Coal
Relative Contribution by Fuel Type
Tg CO2 Eq.
Residential
Industrial
Electric
U.S. Territories
Commercial
Transportation
Table 2-3, EPA 430-R-03-004, April 2003
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks 1990-2001
6
The Case for Hydrogen
Energy SecurityResponseDIVERSE DOMESTIC
RESOURCES
Environment ResponseZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGand other
EMISSIONS
7
Why Hydrogen From Coal?

• U.S. reserves are huge
• 250 year supply
• H2 can be produced cleanly
• H2 from coal is economical
• Carbon capture and storage addresses climate
  change
• Diversifies the source of H2
• Provides the bridge to production of H2 from
  renewable sources and nuclear

Fossil Energy Reserves1
Quads
1 -- Proved oil and gas reserves, and recoverable
coal reserves
8
FutureGen

• Nearly 1 billion (U.S.) , 10-year demonstration
  project to create the worlds first coal-based,
  zero-emission electricity and hydrogen plant
• Test new technologies
• Nominal 275-MWe
• 1 million tonnes CO2 per year
• Sequester the CO2
• Produce H2

9
Platform for Emerging Technologies
Fuel Cells
Carbon Sequestration
FutureGen
System Integration
Gasification with Cleanup and Separation
Optimized Turbines
H2 Production
10
Traditional IGCC
Coal
Sulfur
Central Power Gas Turbine Combined Cycle
Syngas H2 / CO
Coal Gasifier
Gas Cleanup
O2
O2 Plant
11
IGCC in FutureGen
12
CO2 Storage
13
Geo-Sequestration Advantages

• May be only option that removes enough carbon
  tostabilize CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere
• Only approach that doesnt require countries to
  overhaul their energy infrastructurescontinue to
  use fossil fuels
• May prove to be the lowestcost carbon
  managementoption

Carbon Management Paths

• Switch to low- no-carbon fuels

Renewables, Nuclear, Natural Gas

• Increase energy efficiency

Demand Side Supply Side

• Sequester carbon

Terrestrial Geologic
14
Worldwide Storage Capacity
200,000
Range of Potential Capacity
Capacity (Gtc)
6.5 Gtc
Deep Ocean
Deep Saline Formations
Depleted Oil Gas Reservoirs
Coal Seams
Terrestrial
Annual World Emissions
Storage Options IEA Technical Review (TR4),
March 23, 2004 / Carbon Capture Sequestration
Program _at_MITWorld Emissions / DOE-EIA,
International Energy Outlook 2003, Table A10
15
Adapting to Climate Change
Emissions
Target
1990
2015
2040
2100
Chris Mottershead, British Petroleum
16
Stabilization

• Stabilization of atmospheric concentrations of
  CO2 in 2050 requires a new zero emissions energy
  sector almost equal in size to the current primary

S. Pacala, R. Socolow, Presentation, May 4, 2004
17
What is Scale of 1 Gtc Wedge?
BUSINESS SECTOR 1 Gtc per YEAR WEDGE WEDGES
Fuel switching 1400 GW fueled by gas instead of coal 1
Coal-fired plants w/ CCS 1400 500-MW(e) power plants 1-3
Geological sequestration 3500 Sleipners (1 MtCO2/yr) 1-3
Hydrogen fuel 1 billion H2 cars displace 30 mpg cars 1
Efficiency improvements Carbon intensity GNP drops 0.2 faster than in past 1-3
Improve ICE efficiency 2 billion cars go from 25 mpg to 50 mpg 1
Solar PV displaces coal 1000 X current capacity, i.e., 5 Mha 1
Wind displaces coal 70 X current capacity 1
Nuclear displaces coal 700 1-GW(e) plants, i.e., 1.5 X current capacity 1-3
Biofuel displaces petroleum 200 Mha growing at 7.5 tc/ha per year ( US agro land) 1
Re-forestation 700 Mha growing at 2 tc/ha per year 1
18
Thank You

• R. Patrich of SaskPower
• We are moving into a carbon-managed world, not a
  carbon constrained world.
• Web sites
• www.fe.doe.gov
• www.netl.doe.gov
• www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration
• Email addresses
• robert.wright_at_hq.doe.gov
• lowell.miller_at_hq.doe.gov