Types of Environment

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• Types of Environment
• Natural environment is not man-made, such as
  Earth and all of its natural component including
  ground, water, flora and fauna. It is full of
  beauty and hazards.
• Induced environment are those been affected by
  human action e.g. highly polluted air that
  results from exhaust emissions of automobiles in
  heavily populated cities.
• Controlled environment is a natural or induced
  environment that has been changed in some way to
  reduce or eliminate potential environmental
  hazards e.g. a home or workplace that is cooled
  to reduce potential hazards associated with heat.
• Artificial environment one that fully created
  to prevent definite hazardous conditions from
  affecting people or material e.g. environment
  within the space shuttle.
• Closed environment one that is completely or
  almost completely shut off from natural
  environment. Both controlled and artificial
  environment must be closed.
• Free environment one that does not interfere
  with the free movement of air.

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Hazards of Environment Some of the most common
environmental hazards arehigh humidity
conditions, low relative humidity, sunlight,
high/low temperature conditions, airborne salts,
dust, sand,dirt .meteorological and
micrometeorological conditions, lightning, high
and low pressure, radiation, vibration and
sound. Each of these potential hazards can have
an effect on people, machines, systems, and other
inhibitors of a given environment. For example,
high humidity conditions can cause condensation
that in turn results in short circuits and in
advertent activations or disruptions of
electrical systems. For this reason manufacturers
of computers, consumer electric products, and
other microelectronics-based products pay
particular attention to humidity control in their
plant. However, low relative humidity can also
cause problems such as drying out and cracking of
organic materials, an increased tendency for the
creation of static electricity, and easier
ignition of accidents and fires.
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• Indoor Air Pollution
• According to Norman Beddows of Environmental
  Protection Agency (EPA),
• The evidence for indoor air quality affecting
  health is plentiful. The most dramatic is that of
  Legionnaires disease that was universally
  confounding initially. This is caused by a
  bacterium carried in aerosol form and conveyed
  through ventilation systems.The disease continued
  to arise because of poor engineering or hygiene
  practices.
• Noise, lighting, work stress, and glare are some
  of the many safety and health concerns the indoor
  work environment however, indoor air quality is
  one of the most important. The following factor
  that related to the quality of indoor air
• Heating, air conditioning, and ventilation
  systems
• air filtration
• Temperature and humidity
• Volatile and/or toxic organic compounds and gases
  in the air
• Mineral and/or organic fibers and particles in
  the air
• Molds, bacteria and other biological matter in
  the air.

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Of particular concern in older building is the
issue of asbestos and asbestos-containing
material (ACM). The inhalation of fibers from ACM
will lead to cancer. This concern is compounded
because there is no universally accepted safe
intake for inhalation of asbestos fibers. Areas
of particular concern in old building are spaces
above the ceiling and below the roof, spaces
behind walls, peripheral heat exchangers, air
vents, lighting fixtures, and other forms of duct
work. All of these spaces or system components
may contain or be covered with various types of
asbestos-containing materials. Another major
concern is the sick building syndrome. sick
buildings are those contain unhealthy levels of
biological organisms in the air as a result of
faulty ventilation and air filtration systems. A
common cause of sick building syndrome is the
introduction of unhealthy outdoor air that is
brought in and circulated through the cooling
system.
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• Hazardous Waste Reduction
• One of the most effective ways to ensure safe and
  healthy environment is to reduce the amount of
  hazardous waste. EPA has introduced policy
  statement designed to encourage firms to reduce
  their hazardous waste output.
• 1. Company must certify on the transportation
  manifest that they have a program in operation to
  reduce the volume and toxicity of hazardous waste
  each time hazardous waste is transported
  off-site.
• 2. In order to qualify for permits to treat,
  store, and/or dispose of hazardous waste,
  companies must implement and operate a hazardous
  waste reduction programme.
• 3. Companies must submit biennial plans to the
  EPA describing the actions taken to reduce the
  volume and toxicity of their hazardous waste.
• Environmental Priorities For the Future
• habitat alteration and destruction
  outdoor/indoor air pollution
• species extinction exposure to industrial
  and
• loss of biological diversity agricultural
  chemicals
• stratospheric ozone depletion contaminated
  drinking water
• global climate change

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ISO 14000 INTRODUCED Globalisation of the
marketplace has created a competitive environment
that requires peak performance and continual
improvement. The unrelenting demands of the
modern marketplace have given rise to new
philosophies for doing business, which fall under
the broad umbrella of Total Quality Management
(TQM). One of the initiatives under TQM umbrella
is the ISO9000 family quality standards. The
international Organisation for Standardisation
(ISO) has now developed ISO14000 family of
standards to promote effective environmental
management systems. Similar to ISO9000, the
ISO14000 adoption is also based on voluntary
organisational commitment to environmental
protection rather than government coercion. The
marketplace demands that businesses produce
high-quality products at competitive prices,
without harming the environment. ISO14000
provides the framework for making effective
environmental management part of the
organisations overall management system.
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• What is ISO?
• ISO is the acronym for International Organisation
  for Standardisation , a worldwide organisation of
  national bodies. The complete membership roster
  for ISO contains the standards bodies of 118
  countries.The overall goal is as follows
• to promote the development of standardisation
  and related activities in the world with a view
  to facilitating the international exchange of
  goods and services and to developing cooperation
  in the sphere of intellectual, scientific,
  technological, and economic activity.
• The ISO14000 Series of Standards
• The term ISO14000 Series refers to a family of
  environmental management standard that cover the
  five disciplines
• environmental management system
• environmental auditor criteria (these criteria
  may be used by internal/external auditors and
  external third-party auditors)
• environmental performance evaluation criteria
• environmental labeling criteria
• Life-cycle assessment methods.

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Standard Title / Description of ISO14000
Standard 14000 Guide to Environmental Management
Principles, Systems and Supporting Techniques
14001 Environmental Management Systems -
Specification with Guidance for Use
14010 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing -
General Principles of Environmental Auditing
14011 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing -
Audit Procedures- Part 1 Auditing of
Environmental Management Systems
14012 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing -
Qualification Criteria for Environmental
Auditors 14013/15Guidelines for Environmental
Auditing - Audit Programmes, Reviews
Assessments 14020/23 Environmental Labelling
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14024 Environmental Labelling - Practitioner
Programs - Guiding Principles, Practices and
Certification Procedures of Multiple Criteria
Programs 14031/32 Guidelines on Environmental
Performance Evaluation 14040/43 Life Cycle
Assessment General Principles and Practices
14050 Glossary 14060 Guide for the Inclusion
of Environmental Aspects in Product Standards
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What are ISO 9000 and ISO 9001? International
Standards for Quality Assurance ISO 9000 is a set
of five universal standards for a Quality
Assurance system that is accepted around the
world. Currently 118 countries have adopted ISO
9000 as national standards. When you purchase a
product or service from a company that is
registered to the appropriate ISO 9000 standard,
you have important assurances that the quality of
what you receive will be as you expect. The most
comprehensive of the standards is ISO 9001. It
applies to industries involved in the design and
development, manufacturing, installation and
servicing of products or services. The standards
apply uniformly to companies in any industry and
of any size.
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Why are the Standards so Important? Many
companies require their suppliers to become
registered to ISO 9001 and because of this,
registered companies find that their market
opportunities have increased. In addition, a
company's compliance with ISO 9001 insures that
it has a sound Quality Assurance system, and
that's good business. Registered companies have
had dramatic reductions in customer complaints,
significant reductions in operating costs and
increased demand for their products and services.
ISO 9000 registration is rapidly becoming a must
for any company that does business in Europe.
Many industrial companies require registration by
their own suppliers. There is a growing trend
toward universal acceptance of ISO 9000 as an
international standard.
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Q How has the ISO 9000 family of Standards been
revised? A The International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) requires the regular review
and update of all ISO standards in order that
they reflect current industry practice. In
keeping with this requirement, the 1994 edition
of the key documents in the ISO 9000 were revised
and issued on December 15, 2000. Excellent
information regarding the new standards and
transition plans are available from the ISO's
Technical Committee responsible for the
development of the ISO 9001 and ISO 9004
International Standards as well as other
International Standards and documents in the ISO
9000 Family.

• How the Standard is being changed
• Over the past few years ISO has received feedback
  from users of ISO 9000. A design brief was
  developed and researched. Feedback was received
  from 1100 users and more than 80 wanted the new
  standard to
• Employ a process management approach
• Be compatible with other management systems (e.g.
  ISO 14000)
• Include requirements for continuous improvement
  of the quality system.
• Fit stakeholders needs (e.g. customers,
  suppliers, implementers in the organization)
• Be user and customer friendly

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• Significant changes in the current draft include
  requirements to demonstrate the organization's
  capability to meet customer requirements. This
  includes requirements for monitoring of customer
  satisfaction and system performance.
• To provide a single requirements standard, ISO
  9002 and ISO 9003 will be withdrawn and
  incorporated into the new ISO 9001. There are now
  four core standards comprising the series
• ISO 9000 Concepts and Terminology
• ISO 9001 Requirements for Quality Assurance "To
  provide confidence as a result of demonstration
  in product/service conformance to established
  requirements".
• ISO 9004 Guidelines for Quality Management of
  Organizations "To achieve benefits for all
  stakeholders through sustained customer
  satisfaction".
• ISO 10011 Guidelines for Auditing Quality
  Management

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Implementation It is not intended that the newly
structured Standards will require organisations
to substantially revise their existing quality
systems. The aim is for the Standards to provide
a process orientated structure, showing five main
clause headings of ISO 9001 and ISO 9004
Quality management system Management
Responsibility Resource Management Product
realisation Measurement, analysis and
improvement Organisations that are presently
accredited to ISO 90011994 have until December
15, 2003 to complete the transition to ISO
90012000.