During his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin made many observations

1
During his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin
made many observations

• in England.
• in North America.
• on the Galápagos Islands.
• in Asia.

2
On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed

• completely unrelated species on each of the
  islands.
• species exactly like those found in South
  America.
• somewhat similar species, with traits that suited
  their particular environments.
• species completely unrelated to those found in
  South America.

3
The species of finches that Charles Darwin found
on the Galápagos Islands displayed different
structural adaptations. One of the adaptations
that Darwin noted was the

• similarities of the birds embryos.
• birds different-shaped beaks.
• length of the birds necks.
• number of eggs in each birds nest.

4
Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed
in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he
wondered

• if species living on different islands had once
  been members of the same species.
• if finches and tortoises had originated from the
  same ancestral species.
• if all birds on the different islands were
  finches.
• why all tortoises on the different islands were
  identical.

5
Darwin began to formulate his concept of
evolution by natural selection after

• experimentation with animals.
• observations of many species and their
  geographical location.
• reading the writings of Wallace.
• agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force
  behind evolution.

6
James Huttons and Charles Lyells work suggests
that

• Earth is many millions of years old.
• Earth is several thousand years old.
• all fossils were formed in the last 1000 years.
• all rocks on Earth contain fossils.

7
In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that

• the human population will outgrow the available
  food supply.
• all populations evolve through natural selection.
• Earth is a few thousand years old.
• past geological events must be explained in terms
  of processes observable today.

8
One scientist who attempted to explain how rock
layers form and change over time was

• Thomas Malthus.
• James Hutton.
• Charles Darwin.
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

9
James Huttons and Charles Lyells work was
important to Darwin because these scientists

• explained volcanoes and earthquakes.
• explained all geologic events on Earth.
• suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution
  to have occurred.
• refuted the work of Lamarck, which was based on
  misunderstandings.

10
What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the
work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell?

• Earth is relatively young.
• Earth is very old.
• All geological change is caused by living
  organisms.
• The processes that formed old rocks on Earth do
  not operate today.

11
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms

• have an innate tendency toward complexity and
  perfection.
• have an innate tendency to become simpler as time
  passes.
• inherit all of the adaptations they display.
• belong to species that never change.

12
Which is a major concept included in Lamarcks
theory of evolution?

• Change is the result of survival of the fittest.
• Body structure can change according to the
  actions of the organism.
• Population size decreases the rate of evolution.
• Artificial selection is the basis for evolution.

13
Lamarcks theory of evolution includes the
concept that new organs in a species appear as a
result of

• continual increases in population size.
• the actions of organisms as they use or fail to
  use body structures.
• an unchanging local environment.
• the natural variations already present within the
  population of organisms.

14
In each generation, the wings of experimental
fruit flies were clipped short for fifty
generations. The fifty-first generation emerged
with normal-length wings. This observation would
tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based
on

• inheritance of natural variations.
• inheritance of acquired characteristics.
• natural selection.
• survival of the fittest.

15
The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that

• in the human population, people die faster than
  babies are born.
• there would soon be insufficient food for the
  growing human population.
• in the 1700s, England needed more housing.
• the majority of a species offspring die.

16
The idea that only famine, disease, and war could
prevent the endless growth of human populations
was presented by

• Charles Darwin.
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
• Thomas Malthus.
• Charles Lyell.

17
Darwin realized that the economist Malthuss
theory of population control

• applied only to humans.
• could be generalized to any population of
  organisms.
• could be generalized only when populations lived
  in crowded conditions.
• explained why the number of deaths exceeded that
  of births.

18
In 1859, Charles Darwin published his
revolutionary scientific ideas in a work titled

• Principles of Geology.
• Essay on the Principle of Population.
• Evolution in Malaysia.
• On the Origin of Species.

19
Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of
evolution by

• an essay by Wallace on evolution.
• the publication of Lamarcks theory of evolution.
• the vice governor of the Galápagos Islands.
• the work of Hutton and Lyell.

20
When Charles Darwin returned from the voyage of
the Beagle, he

• immediately published his ideas about evolution.
• realized his ideas about evolution were wrong.
• wrote about his ideas but waited many years to
  publish them.
• copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace.

21
Why might Darwin have hesitated to publish his
concept of evolution by natural selection?

• He realized it was not supported by his data.
• He felt it was too similar to Lamarcks to be
  considered original.
• He was disturbed by his findings, which
  challenged fundamental scientific beliefs.
• He realized that his idea was contradicted by the
  work of Hutton and Lyell.

22
Charles Darwins observation that finches of
different species on the Galápagos Islands have
many similar physical characteristics supports
the hypothesis that these finches

• have the ability to interbreed.
• acquired traits through use and disuse.
• all eat the same type of food.
• descended from a common ancestor.

23
According to Darwins theory of natural
selection, individuals who survive are the ones
best adapted for their environment. Their
survival is due to the

• possession of adaptations developed through use.
• possession of inherited adaptations that maximize
  fitness.
• lack of competition within the species.
• choices made by plant and animal breeders.

24
When farmers select animals or plants to use for
breeding, they look for

• species that are perfect and unchanging.
• homologous structures.
• traits that are produced artificially.
• natural variations that are present in a species.

25
When a farmer breeds only his or her best
livestock, the process involved is

• natural selection.
• artificial selection.
• artificial variation.
• survival of the fittest.

26
When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some
antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part
of Darwins concept of natural selection might be
used to describe this situation?

• acquired characteristics
• reproductive isolation
• survival of the fittest
• descent with modification

27
Which statement about the members of a population
that live long enough to reproduce is consistent
with the theory of natural selection?

• They transmit characteristics acquired by use and
  disuse to their offspring.
• They tend to produce fewer offspring than others
  in the population.
• They are the ones that are best adapted to
  survive in their environment.
• They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the
  species.

28
Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism
to survive and reproduce in its specific
environment

• diversity.
• fitness.
• adaptation.
• evolution.

29
According to Darwins theory of natural
selection, the individuals that tend to survive
are those that have

• characteristics their parents acquired by use and
  disuse.
• characteristics that plant and animal breeders
  value.
• the greatest number of offspring.
• variations best suited to the environment.

30
Which of the following phrases best describes the
results of natural selection?

• the natural variation found in all populations
• unrelated but similar species living in different
  locations
• changes in the inherited characteristics of a
  population
• the struggle for existence undergone by all
  living things

31
An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that
can be

• physical or behavioral.
• physical or geographical.
• acquired during the organisms lifetime.
• the result of artificial selection.

32
In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone,
are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis
and femur shown in Figure 151 are

• examples of fossils.
• vestigial structures.
• acquired traits.
• examples of natural variation.

33
Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive
vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest
that primitive vertebrates

• share a common ancestor with sea stars.
• evolved from sea stars.
• evolved before sea stars.
• belong to the same species as sea stars.

34
Darwins concept of evolution was NOT influenced
by

• the work of Charles Lyell.
• knowledge about the structure of DNA.
• his collection of specimens.
• his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle.

35
People of Charles Darwins time understood that
fossils

• were preserved remains of ancient organisms.
• were available for every organism that ever
  lived.
• were unrelated to living species.
• were evidence for the evolution of life on Earth.

36
The number and location of bones of many fossil
vertebrates are similar to those in living
vertebrates. Most biologists would probably
explain this fact on the basis of

• the needs of the organisms.
• a common ancestor.
• the struggle for existence.
• the inheritance of acquired traits.

37
Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as

• evidence that Earth was thousands of years old.
• a detailed record of evolution.
• interesting but unrelated to the evolution of
  modern species.
• evidence that traits are acquired through use or
  disuse.

38
The hypothesis that species change over time by
natural selection was proposed by

• James Hutton.
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
• Thomas Malthus.
• Charles Darwin.

39
Charles Darwins theory of evolution explains all
of the following EXCEPT

• how species become extinct.
• how inherited traits are passed from parent to
  offspring.
• how species change over time.
• how evolution takes place in the natural world.

40
Darwins theory of evolution suggests that

• species change over time.
• extinct species are not related to living
  species.
• different species can interbreed.
• animals that look alike are the most closely
  related.

41
Darwins theory of evolution is based on the
idea(s) of

• heritable variation and natural selection.
• use and disuse.
• a tendency toward perfect, unchanging species.
• the transmission of acquired characteristics.

42
The same kinds of cells that grow in similar
patterns in different but related organisms
produce

• homologous structures such as wings and arms.
• the same kind of embryos.
• natural variations in a population.
• descent with modification.

43
Which statement is in agreement with Darwins
theory of evolution?

• More offspring are produced than can possibly
  survive.
• The organisms that are the fittest are always
  largest and strongest.
• The number of offspring is not related to
  fitness.
• Acquired characteristics that are inherited are
  the cause of evolution.

44
Which concept is NOT included in the modern
theory of evolution?

• descent with modification
• natural selection
• transmission of acquired characteristics
• competition among the members of a population

45
Which phrase best defines evolution by natural
selection?

• an adaptation of a species to its environment
• a sudden replacement of one population by another
• changes in a species as it becomes more perfect
• a process of change in species over time

46
After his voyage on the Beagle,Charles Darwin
wondered whether similar species from the
Galápagos Islands could once have been members of
the same species. _________________________

• True
• False

47
Charles Darwin came to realize that organisms of
the same species are identical.
_________________________

• True
• False

48
According to Lamarck, the sea floor can be pushed
up to form mountains by forces within Earth.
_________________________

• True
• False

49
In Charles Darwins time, many people thought
that Earth and its living things were formed
about a few thousand years ago.
_________________________

• True
• False

50
Evidence that the surface of a mountain was once
under the sea includes the presence of marine
fossils on the mountain. _________________________

• True
• False

51
Lyell hypothesized that human populations are
kept in check by war, disease, and famine.
_________________________

• True
• False

52
In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace sent Charles
Darwin an essay proposing an explanation for
evolution that was very similar to Darwins.
_________________________

• True
• False

53
Artificial selection as practiced by farmers is
also called natural selection. ___________________
______

• True
• False

54
In natural selection, human breeders, rather than
the environment, select the variations of traits
to be passed to offspring. _______________________
_______

• True
• False

55
According to Darwin, the word selection would be
applied to organisms adapted to survive and
reproduce in their particular environments.
_________________________

• True
• False

56
The term fitness refers to an organisms ability
to survive and reproduce in a specific
environment. _________________________

• True
• False

57
The fact that species today look different from
their ancestors can be described as descent with
modification. _________________________

• True
• False

58
According to the concept of natural variation,
living and extinct species evolved from the same
ancestors. ______________________________

• True
• False

59
According to Charles Darwin, individuals best
suited to their environment survive and reproduce
most successfully. _________________________

• True
• False

60
According to Charles Darwin, members of a species
must share limited resources. ____________________
_____

• True
• False

61
Participant Scores
62
James Hutton thought that rocks from the sea
floor could be pushed up very high to form
____________________.
63
James Hutton and Charles Lyell held similar views
about Earths age. Both thought that Earth was
____________________ of years old.
64
The geologist ____________________ proposed that
past changes in Earth must be explained in terms
of events and processes observable today.
65
According to Lamarck, evolution resulted from the
inheritance of ____________________ traits.
66
According to Lamarcks theory of the inheritance
of _________________________, the long legs of
certain shore birds could be acquired by frequent
wading in water and then passed on to offspring.
67
Although his idea was incorrect, Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a
scientific explanation for ____________________.
68
When a populations birthrate exceeds its death
rate, the size of the population
____________________.
69
Charles Darwin applied Thomas Malthuss thoughts
about human population growth to all
____________________.
70
Charles Darwin observed that instead of being
perfect and unchanging, individuals in a species
show ____________________.
71
Charles Darwin concluded that, in similar
environments around the world, ___________________
_ could produce similar structures in unrelated
species.
72
Certain animal structures that have different
functions in different species and develop from
the same embryonic tissues are called
____________________ structures.
73
According to Darwins theory of evolution,
____________________ change over time.
74
According to Darwins theory of evolution, all
species on Earth are united by ___________________
______.
75
Darwin proposed that natural selection took place
as individuals best suited to the
____________________ survived and reproduced.
76
Charles Darwin realized that the measure of
success for an organism was not only a long
period of survival but also ____________________.
77
In what way did the voyage of the Beagle provide
Charles Darwin with an ideal opportunity for
collecting and analyzing data?
78
State a general observation that Charles Darwin
made about organisms and their environments.
79
What evidence did Charles Darwin collect in
addition to specimens of organisms alive during
his time?
80
What was the scientific value of the specimens
that Charles Darwin brought back to England?
81
What did Charles Darwin learn about the land
tortoises of the various Galápagos Islands?
82
What did observations of the tortoises of the
Galápagos lead Charles Darwin to hypothesize
about these animals ancestry?
83
What was Jean-Baptiste Lamarcks overall belief
about the way organisms changed over time?
84
What did Charles Darwin discover about the
Galápagos birds that he thought were different
kinds of wrens, warblers, and blackbirds?
85
Were Darwins hypotheses about natural selection
and evolution similar to the ideas of most other
scientists of his time? Explain
86
How did the farmers observed by Charles Darwin
improve their livestock?
87
In artificial selection, what factor substitutes
for naturally occurring selection pressures?
88
Figure 151
89
According to Figure 151, modern whales have a
vestigial pelvis and femur. What does this
evidence suggest about ancestors of modern whales?
90
How could vestigial structures like the whale
pelvis and femur shown in Figure 151 contribute
to the theory of evolution?
91
What did Charles Darwin conclude about the
existence of a common ancestor for all life?
92
Summarize Charles Darwins contribution to
science.
93
Explain how the finches and tortoises that
Charles Darwin observed on the Galápagos Islands
influenced his thinking.
94
What was Charles Darwins greatest contribution
to science, and how did he develop it?
95
Discuss Jean-Baptiste Lamarcks contribution to
the overall theory of evolution.
96
How did Thomas Malthuss ideas about human
population growth inspire Darwins thinking about
evolution?
97
Why is it possible that Alfred Wallace
independently developed the same ideas about
evolution that Darwin did?
98
How did the practices of English farmers
influence Darwins concept of natural selection?
99
Suppose selective breeding has produced a
population of very similar chickens. Would that
population survive if it were released into the
wild? Explain
100
What might happen if a well-adapted population
experienced sudden major changes in its
environment?
101
How is the idea of common descent supported by
examples of homologous structures?
102
What sources of evidence did Charles Darwin
consider when he presented his concept of
evolution by natural selection?