Template for Lectures

1
This lesson will increase your knowledge of
concepts covered in the following TEKS for
biology
3.a Analyze, review, and critique scientific
explanations 3.c Evaluate impact of research on
scientific thought, society, and the
environment 10.a Interpret the functions of
systems in organisms 10.b Compare the
interrelationships of organ systems to each other
and to the body as a whole 11.a Identify and
describe the relationships between internal
feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of
homeostasis 11.b Investigate and identify how
organisms respond to external stimuli 11.c
Analyze the importance of nutrition,
environmental conditions, and physical exercise
on health
2
Previous LessonMenopause and Hormone
Replacement Therapy
3
QUESTION During a tubal ligation, a piece of
each Fallopian tube is removed. Why would this
result in sterility?
4
Tubal ligation blocks movement of egg down the
Fallopian tube and movement of sperm up the
Fallopian tube
Based on S. Mader's Inquiry Into Life, Wm. C.
Brown Publishers
5
QUESTION RU486 (abortion pill) blocks the
effects of progesterone. Why does this result in
loss of the implanted embryo?
Based Time, June 14, 1993
6
Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Without progesterone, the endometrium is not
maintained, breaks down, and is lost from the body
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry,Wm. C. Brown
Publishers
7
QUESTION What study tested the hypotheses about
the effects of HRT and what do scientists call
this type of design?
8
Womens Health Initiative

• Study began in 1993 and was to last 15 years
• Involved 67,000 in three random clinical trials
  (Dietary Modification, Calcium/vitamin D
  supplements, and HRT)
• HRT involved 16,000 women to assess the pros and
  cons of estrogen-progestin therapy HRT study was
  stopped in July 2002

9
Two-group experimental design
Test the health effects of HRT
CONTROL GROUP
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
Did not receive HRT
Received HRT
Was given placebo
Estrogen and Progestin
Record results
Record results
Compare and analyze the test results
Report on experimental design, test results, and
conclusions drawn from results
10
QUESTION Women who have complete hysterectomies
can experience the symptoms of menopause. Why
can they be treated with estrogen alone?
The ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus are
removed during a complete hysterectomy
11

• Without a uterus, a woman cannot get uterine
  cancer and, theoretically, can take estrogen only
  (without progestin) to reduce menopausal effects

12
Prostate Cancer
Todays Lesson
13
Overview of Lesson

• Male reproductive system
• Problem of enlarged prostate
• Prostate cancer
• Detection
• Treatment
• Dilemma for older men

14
Pathway of Sperm

• Seminiferous tubules in testes
• Stored in epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Urethra

• Accessory Glands
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Bulbourethral glands

15
Testicle
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
16
Male Anatomy
Based on Mader,S., Inquiry Into Life, Wm. C.
Brown Publishers
17
Accessory Glands

• Seminal vesicles
• nourishment for sperm
• Prostate gland
• Acidic solution which stimulates ATP production
  of the sperm
• Bulbourethral glands (Cowpers)
• lubricating fluid that is alkaline and
  neutralizes the acid environment of the penile
  urethra

18
Semen

• Millions of sperm
• Fluid from seminal vesicles
• Fluid from prostate gland
• Fluid from bulbourethral glands

19
Male Hormones
Based on Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life,
McGraw-Hill
20
Negative Feedback Homeostasis
Overview
Negative feedback effect of testosterone is the
prime homeostatic mechanism maintaining male
characteristics at a constant level
Hypothalamus Pituitary Testes Male
sexuality
Releasing hormone (GnRH)
LH FSH
Negative Feedback
Sperm Testosterone
21
What is known about the effects of overriding the
homeostasis of the male hormonal system and
taking too much testosterone?
Testosterone Effects
22
Overview of Lesson

• Male reproductive system
• Problem of enlarged prostate
• Prostate cancer
• Detection
• Treatment
• Dilemma for older men

23
Enlarged Prostate
Normal Prostate
Based on Harvard Family Health Guide, 1999
-Size of walnut until about 50 years old-Urethra
open
-After 50, can enlarge to size of lemon-Urethra
squeezed
24
Enlarged Prostate
Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, April 2001

• Constricts urethra
• Dilates bladder
• Dilates ureters
• Causes discomfort

Based on Harvard Health Letter, December 1987
25
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Based on Harvard Family Health Guide, 1999
26
Overview of Lesson

• Male reproductive system
• Problem of enlarged prostate
• Prostate cancer
• Detection
• Treatment
• Dilemma for older men

27
Spread of Prostate Cancer
Based on Harvard Family Health Guide, 1999
Prostate cancer kills if the cells leave the
prostate area and spread throughout the body
28
What changes in a prostate cell would lead to
metastatic prostate cancer?
Cellular Changes
29
Prostate Cancer Risk

• Second most common cancer in males (after skin
  cancer)
• Lifetime risk of 1-in-6 of being diagnosed with
  prostate cancer
• Men over 50 years
• Gene variants family history 9x risk
• African-American higher mortality risk
• Veterans exposed to Agent Orange higher risk

30
PROSTATE CANCER more prevalent than deadly
Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, April, 1994
31
Overview of Lesson

• Male reproductive system
• Problem of enlarged prostate
• Prostate cancer
• Detection
• Treatment
• Dilemma for older men

32
Goal is to detect prostate cancer in the earliest
stage of the disease
May take 10 years to go from A to D
Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, April 1985
33
Detection of Prostate Cancer

• Digital rectal exam
• PSA test
• prostate specific antigen

34

• Digital Rectal Exam
• Start annual exams when 40 years old
• Physician feeling for marble sized tumor

Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, April 1985
35
Stages of Prostate Cancer
Digital Rectal Exam
May take 10 years to go from A to D
Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, April 1985
36
PSA Levels by Age
Based on Time, April 1, 1996

• PSA Test
• Detects an enzyme (prostate specific antigen)
  made by the prostate
• PSA increases with age in healthy men
• PSA increases dramatically with prostate cancer
  but can also increase with ejaculation, hair
  growth drugs or an enlarged prostate
• Only detects 80 of prostate cancers

37
Needle Biopsy for Prostate Cancer

• Biopsy gun inserted through anus
• Needles shot into prostate from rectum
• 6 to 18 samples taken
• Attempting to detect cancer in stage A
• Analysis of cancer spread and cell type

Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, April, 1985
38
NEW CASES OF PROSTATE CANCER(per 100,000
population)
Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter, November 1998
39
New Cases vs. Deaths 2007
New cases
Deaths
40
Overview of Lesson

• Male reproductive system
• Problem of enlarged prostate
• Prostate cancer
• Detection
• Treatment
• Dilemma for older men

41
Prostate Surgery

• Radical
• Prostatectomy
• Nerve-Sparing
• Prostatectomy

Based on U.S. News and World Report, May 22,
2000
42
Side Effects of Surgeries

• Incontinence (most men eventually regain control
  of bladder function)
• Impotence (most men never regain normal sexual
  function)

43
Radiation Treatments
Radiation Seed Implants
Based on U.S. News and World Report, May 22,
2000
Based on U.S. News and World Report, May 22,
2000
44
Side Effects of Radiation

• Less recovery time
• Can impair sexual
• function
• May not eliminate all
• tumor cells
• Surgery is not possible
• after radiation

45
Hormone Therapy

• Drugs eliminate or block
• testosterone production by
• testes
• Used when cancer has spread
• beyond the prostate

46
Side Effects of Hormone Therapy

• Can impair sexual function
• Does not eliminate tumor cells

47
Overview of Lesson

• Male reproductive system
• Problem of enlarged prostate
• Prostate cancer
• Detection
• Treatment
• Dilemma for older men

48
INVASIVE CANCER RATES BY AGE Probability of
developing invasive prostate cancer in the
following age groups
Based on Newsweek, June 16, 2003
49
Total 1999 prostate cancer deaths by age group
(estimated)
Based on U.S. News and World Report, May 22,
2000
50
The Dilemma

• 80 of men in their 80s probably have some
  prostate cancer cells when they die
• Prostate cancer may spread slowly, taking 10
  years or more to be life threatening
• If prostate cancer is detected when 80 years old,
  life expectancy may be shorter than the time
  required for the spread of prostate cancer
• One approach is watchful waiting
• Hormone therapy (surgical or chemical castration)

51
Next Lesson Human Development and Stem Cells
52
Hypothesized Risks of Excessive Testosterone
Back
Based on Harvard Health Letter, May 2004
53
Cells become cancerous when they accumulate
genetic (DNA) damage and mutations and lose the
ability to regulate their growth. Often the
causes of the genetic damage are unknown.
Back