Title: Personality Development
1Personality Development
2- Definition
- Child (1968)
- More or less stable, internal factors that make
one persons behaviour consistent - from one time to another, and different from the
behaviour other people would - manifest in comparable situations
- Stable
- Internal
- Consistent
- Different
- Personality is INTERNAL
- Freuds theories on Personality Development
- Change and development are the key words
internal process past experiences - The dynamics of behaviour which is what
distinguishes this theory from the cognitive - (Glassman, 1995)
3- Innate drives early experiences
- id ego super ego pleasure
principle defence mechanisms - Anna Freud
- defence against instinct
- The child learns
- defensive behaviours to
- control id
- Defence Mechanisms
- 1 Repression
- 2 Displacement
- 3 Projection
- 4 Denial
- 5 Intellectualisation
- Psycho - sexual Development
- Energy - libido
-
- Eros Thanatos
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic (Oedipus Electra complexes)
- Latency
- Genital
4- Other Defence Mechanisms
- Fixation
- Affective strategies in personality
development - Regression
- Case studies Anna O
- Little Hans
- Myers Brewin (1994) Childhood Memories
- Williams (1994) Sexual Abuse
- McGunnies (1949) Perception defence
- things are likely to be ignored if they are
unpleasant or - emotionally threatening
- Levinger Clarke (1961) supported this using
emotionally - provoking words. (they recalled the words that
had neutral - associations)
- (Evaluatory comment on each of these and on
Freuds theory of personality - development)
5- Neo - Freudians
- Erikson (1959)
- Conflict
- WAR
- natural processes expectations of
- of maturation society
Parents friends teachers employers norms values
6- Chart of Eight Stages
- Evaluatory Comments
- Used clinical evidence (therapist case studies
using Freuds clinical method) - theory imprecise anecdotal
- experimental research provides indirect support
for Erikson - (Ainsworth Bell 1970) (Bowlby, 1952)
- Stage 4 has been supported by work of Damon
Hart (1988) - (older children used more internal
psychological terms. Younger children focused on
concrete tangible ) - Strengths - focuses on social process ego
development - - the facing of developmental tension /
conflicts - - most of the conflicts lie with the
family (Freud also said When - you are looking at a sick
(mentally) or disturbed person you often - dont have to look far for a cause.
(that does not mean the parents are to
blame. It is the conflict that is problematic) - Does not give detail of how you move from one
stage to another - Dwaretzky (1996) feels there is little convincing
evidence for E theory - Hard to test this theory
- The evidence is correlational
- It gives a very tidy account of development
7- Social Learning Theory
- Key term Significant others
- Social Modelling
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
- Conditioning
- Banduras work
- What would help a child learn self - efficacy?
- -? -? -? -?
- Continue
Classical Operant Observation internalisation
Vicarious reinforcement
Reciprocal determination
This is exact opposite of learned helplessness
Self efficacy (self - image belief in self
8- Evidence - Bobo doll
- - Harter Monsour (1992)
- - Bandura Cervone (1983)
- Evaluatory Comment
- - More than one self? (Baars, 1997)
- - Not a development theory
9- Situationalism
- Bandura suggested that personality is not a
stable trait of an individual - Mischel Peakes theory (1982) suggest a
consistency paradox. Research failed to show
consistency - Behavioural specificity (M P, 1982)
- We think it is a stable trait because we see
people in similar situations - Individual differences (M P, 1993)
- Person variables
- Cognitive behavioural
- Encoding personal constructs
- Expectancy
- Subjective stimulus value
- self - regulatory systems plans
- Evidence
- Context - dependent learning research (Abernety,
1940) - Generalising learning
- Lack of fragmentation
10- What is gender?
- (as part of personality)
Gender
Sexual identity
Sex
Gender identity
Behaviour
Situation (upbrining social context)
Gender role
Gender stereo types
See - Debates and all the work we did on real
and perceived differences -
Psychoanalytical theory - Social
learning - Cognitive (Kohlberg)
- Behaviourist - Humanistic (Carl Rogers
Erikson)
11- Kohlbergs (1966) Cognitive - developmental theory
(1966) - The child actively constructs his own
experiences and they are not products of social - training
- Basic - gender identity (2-3½)
- Gender stability (3½ - 4½)
- Gender consistency (4½ - 7yrs)
- (fits with Piagets notion of conservation)
- Evidence
- Munroe, Shimmin Munroe (1984)
- These stages are cross - cultural.
- Slaby Frey (1975) - attending to some sex
models. - Ruble, Balabon Cooper (1981) Adverts
gender consistency. - Evaluatory Comments
- Cross cultural
- interactivity
- gender identity - increases gender role
- How they interact in the world requires gender
identity - Criticism gender role behaviour - depends on
gender consistency - Contradictions
12- Gender Schema Theory
- An organised set of beliefs about the sexes
(Martin et al, 1987) - in group, out group schema
- our gender schema
- children are not passive
- gender - schemas help them pay attention to
interpret the world what they remember - gender schemas structure experience
- Evidence (Martin et al, 1987)
- (Bradbard et al, 1986)
- (Masters et al, (1979)
- Evaluatory Comment
- seems to explain fit with other theories of
child development specially cognitive - individualistic
- schemas are overaggerated
- should be able to change schemas. As Durkin
(1995) found it is easier to change concepts - Continued...
13- Now
- Compare social learning theory yourself using
biological social - biological theory by explaining
- Theory (giving)
- evidence (including)
- evaluatory comment
14- Theories of Adolescent Development
What evidence is there that these are important
Relationship with parents Relationship with peers
Cultural differences
The Isle of Wight Study (1976) Rutters large
scale study. What factors cause disturbance in
young people? What is the problem of
retrospective data?
- Marcias theory (1966-1980)
- Alternatives to choose from
- Have fun commitment been made
- Four possible identity statuses
- Identity diffusion
- Foreclosure
- Moratorium
- Identity achievement
- Evidence to support Meilman (1979)
- Evidence against (Munroe Adams (1977)
Delinquency
- Eriksons theory (1902, 1994)
- Identity diffusion
- Identity crisis
- Counter evidence
- Support evidence
Intimacy Diffusion Diffusion of industry Negative
identity
Gender individual differences alpha beta bias
Colemans focal theory (1974) Storm Stress