Three Worlds Collide Peopling of America Chapter 1 Section

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Three Worlds Collide

• Peopling of America
• Chapter 1
• Section 1

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Peopling of America

• Ancient People
• Crossed into Alaska from Asia during the Ice Age
  20,000 yrs ago
• Looking for food

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Peopling of America

• Asia
• Present sea level

• America
• Sea level 20,000 years ago

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Beringia Land Bridge
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Hunters and Gatherers

• Nomadic people moved from location to location
  looking for food
• They could find bird eggs in 1 location, fish in
  another, grasses in still another

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Hunters and Gatherers

• The food supply for these people was uncertain
• As the climate warmed, the large game died out,
  which were needed for food, shelter, tools and
  clothes

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Hunters and Gatherers

• As the climate warmed, game got smaller and
  faster.
• Ice melted and sea levels rose causing the land
  bridge to disappear
• Weapons changed accordingly
• Some seeds were planted

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Agriculture

• Between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago people began
  to plant seeds
• Eventually, they saw that most of their food came
  from crops and their nomadic ways could end

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Agriculture

• With a more dependable food supply, populations
  increase, permanent houses are constructed and
  need for pottery begins.

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Empires of Latin America
Olmec on the Gulf of Mexico
Maya in the Yucatan
Aztec Central Mexico

• Inca Andes Mts.

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Ancient Desert Farmers

• The desert dwellers built homes in the sides of
  steep cliffs
• Though water is not plentiful in the Gila and
  Salt River Valleys, these
  people grew corn,
  squash, and peppers

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Ancient Desert Farmers

• The Hohokam and Anasazi settled here about 1000
  BC

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Mound Builders

• People near the Mississippi River, the Adena,
  Hopewell and Mississ- ippian, made mounds shaped
  like animals and birds.

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Their fate?

• These Indian groups were the ancestors of the
  Indians who were here when European explorers and
  colonists arrived.

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Three Worlds Collide

• North American and West African Societies 1492
• Chapter 1
• Section 2 and 3

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Diverse Societies

• Californias varied geography and climates led to
  a variety of cultures, from mountain dwellers to
  those dependant upon the ocean.

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Diverse Societies

• The people of the Pacific Northwest depended
  upon the ocean for food.
• The made totem poles and canoes from the large
  trees
• They held potlatches, where they gave all their
  possessions away.

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Diverse Societies

• The Kwakiult, Nootka, and Haida of the Pacific
  Northwest, collected shells and used whales for
  food and shelter.

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Diverse Societies

• The Indians of the Southwest faced a harsh
  climate dominated by drought.
• They built pueblos from
  desert sand and
  irrigated their fields using
  advanced systems

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Diverse Societies

• The Indians of the Eastern Woodlands, like the
  Iroquois, had a varied diet, depending on the
  forest for food
• In the southern area, they grew corn and squash.
• These are the Indians who met the first English
  colonists.

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Culture Patterns

• Using materials or crafts from their areas, the
  Indians developed trade routes that went as far
  as New England to Mexico.
• Page 11 of your text lists many items used by
  different Indian cultures.

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Culture Patterns

• Indians did not believe it was possible to own
  land any more than it was possible to own the
  air.
• Land was not a commodity to be bought or sold,
  but life itself.
• This attitude was very different from the
  Europeans who plowed and fenced everything.

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Culture Patterns

• Indians lived close to the land and their
  religion reflected that.
• Their religion was filled with spirits and passed
  generations lived to guide present generations.

Sun Kachina
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Culture Patterns

• Indians formed strong family ties, kinship, among
  its tribal members
• Tasks were divided between men and women, but
  differed depending on the tribe
• Many were matriarchal, or kept ties through the
  mothers family
• Others were patriarchal

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West African Societies

• Although geographically isolated, Western
  Africa was connected to the
  world through trade.
• Trade routes led across deserts to port cities
  and then to Asia and Europe

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West African Societies

• Timbuktu was the trading hub where the Sahara
  meets the Niger.
• Islam was also spread along trade routes in
  northern and western Africa.

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West African Societies

• The Portuguese traded with Africans along the
  west coast
• By the 1470, the Portuguese had established a
  trading post near the goldfields of Akan
• They began trading for African slaves

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West African Societies

• After claiming 2 small islands off the coast of
  Africa, the Portuguese brought slaves to work the
  plantations.

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Three African Kingdoms

• The Songhai flourished from about 600-1600 AD.
• They controlled all trade
  going through their lands,
  charging taxes to use trade
  routes.
• With their vast wealth, they could raise large
  armies

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Three African Kingdoms

• The forested areas of Benin were never
  overtaken by the Songhai
• They carried out trade on the rivers along the
  southern coast of west Africa
• Their great walled city exchanged ambassadors
  with Portugal

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Three African Kingdoms

• Within the rainforests of Kongo in western
  central Africa was an empire of over 4 million
  people
• The Portuguese were amazed at the similarities
  between the Kongo of the 1400s and their own
  country

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West African Culture

• Family ties within African communities were
  strong, many matrilineal, following the mothers
  line
• Often, the eldest male controlled and made all
  decisions for all of his descendants, including
  his extended family

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West African Culture

• Their religions remained predominately animist,
  belief in animal spirits.
• Although Islam and Christianity were brought to
  Africa, they were not widely accepted.

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West African Culture

• People made livings farming, mining, herding and
  trading.
• On the savannah, farmers made rice paddies, a
  skill that will
  make these
  people a desired
  commodity in the Americas

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West African Culture

• Slave labor existed in Africa, as well as in many
  other societies.
• It was not a class that one was born into and
  freedom was available to most slaves
• Slavery that developed in the Americas was unlike
  anything seen anywhere in the world.

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Three Worlds Meet

• European Societies by 1492
• Chapter 1
• Section 4

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Renaissance

• The Renaissance began in Europe by the 1300s.
• This rebirth of learning caused a new social
  class, the middle class, to emerge
• The desire for new goods will transform Europe

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Social Order

• People were divided by social class and organized
  according to rank
• Nobility was at the top and peasants at the
  bottom
• The concept of divine right meant
  that God chose a persons status

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Social Order

• The new middle class allowed people to gain
  wealth and social mobility, never before possible

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Social Order

• The family was made up of the nuclear family
  father, mother and children
• Labor was divided based on age and sex

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Christianity Shapes Europe

• The Catholic Church was the dominate religion in
  Europe and controlled all aspect of peoples
  lives
• Heresy was a crime which warranted death by
  torture.

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Christianity Shapes Europe

• The Catholic Church was responsible for most
  religious, social and political decisions
• They administered the sacraments, important
  rituals, to save peoples souls from eternal
  damnation.

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Christianity Shapes Europe

• Once explorers found new lands, The Catholic
  Church also began spreading their faith to new
  people.

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Christianity Shapes Europe

• In the 1400s, Isabella of Castile married
  Ferdinand of Aragon
• Their joined kingdoms took in most of northern
  Spain
• Their goal was to rule all of Spain

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Christianity Shapes Europe

• Southern Spain was controlled by the Moors
  (Muslims) and Jews
• The Spanish Inquisition forced the Moors and Jews
  to leave or convert to Catholicism
• Any hint that they had not converted would result
  in torture until they confessed

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Christianity Shapes Europe

• The Crusades had ended 2 centuries before
• From 1096-1270, European armies tried to free the
  Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks
• They failed in this attempt, but their travels
  brought trade (and disease) to Europe.

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Christianity Shapes Europe

• It was the desire for this trade that motivated
  Europe to seek water routes to Asia

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Decline in Church Authority

• After the Crusades, the authority of the pope
  declined
• Fought as a religious war, called for by Pope
  Urban II, the Crusades were a European failure
• European kings gained prominence over the lives
  of the population

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Decline in Church Authority

• Corruption within the Church was widespread
• Lack of training among the Church hierarchy,
  selling of indulgences and mandated tithing all
  took power from the Church
• Other faiths arose that met the religious needs
  of ex-Catholics

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Decline in Church Authority

• Protestants dominated in some countries, such as
  Britain
• Many came to America seeking religious freedoms

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Changes in Europe

• Bubonic Plague, Black Death, was equally
  important in medieval Europe
• Trade ships brought infected rats through Italian
  ports.
• Millions of people, mostly peasants, died of
  plague or the famine that followed

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Changes in Europe

• This created a shortage of labor
• The remaining peasants demanded wages for their
  work, creating a new social class

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Changes in Europe

• The Crusaders returned to Europe with goods
  beyond imagination.
• Silks, spices, perfumes and, ideas
• Anyone who could be a part of trade
  with Asia would be wealthy beyond
  belief

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Changes in Europe

• The Crusades weakened the monarchies and
  bankrupted lesser nobles.
• Monarchs allied themselves with merchants, the
  new ruling class, power based on money
  rather than birth.

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Changes in Europe

• Four nations rose to great power in the late
  1400s.
• France
• Spain
• Portugal
• England

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Changes in Europe

• Only rich nations could fund voyages of
  exploration
• Portugal and Spain will lead the way to overseas
  land and trading routes

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Changes in Europe

• The Renaissance changed how Europeans thought
  about the world
• They studied old writings from ancient Greece
• Scientists studied the world on which they lived.
• They came to seek even more

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Age of Expansion

• Marco Polo traveled through Asia to China in the
  1200s
• When he told of his trip upon his return, he was
  not believed as the stories were too fanciful.
• Not until 1477 will his book gain interest

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Age of Expansion

• Europeans learned of the compass and astrolabe
  from Asian sailors
• They developed the caravel, a lighter ship with
  triangular sails
• They are very aware that the earth is round but
  the seas are very dangerous and many ships do not
  return to port

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Age of Expansion

• Portugals Prince Henry the Navigator took the
  lead and set up as sailing school at Sagres
• Not a sailor himself, he used his resources to
  attract the best cartographers, captains and ship
  builders

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Age of Expansion

• For 40 years he encouraged sailors to sail
  around Africa, encouraging each crew to go
  farther south
• Finally, after Henrys death, Bartolomeu Dias
  made it to the top of Africa, which he called the
  Cape of Storms.

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Age of Expansion

• The site was re-named the Cape of Good
  Hope
• In 1498, Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa to
  India.
• Portugal could trade directly with Asian and
  increase their profits.

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Age of Expansion

• During this time, Ferdinand and Isabella were
  involved in the Spanish Inquisition and had no
  time for a sailor named Columbus who sought their
  financial assistance on numerous occasions.
• In 1492, they would agree to fund his plan to
  sail west.

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Three Worlds Meet

• Transatlantic Encounters
• Chapter 1
• Section 5

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Christopher Columbus

• The Spanish Crown agreed to finance Columbus and
  3 ships
• On Oct. 12, 1492, they sighted land
• They found peaceful people, the
  Taino, who they sought to
  enslave within days
  of their arrival

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Christopher Columbus

• Columbus took 10-25 Indians back to Spain with
  him, only 7-8 arrived alive
• Ferdinand and Isabella awarded Columbus with 17
  ships, over 1000 men, cannon, crossbows, guns,
  cavalry and attack dogs.

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Christopher Columbus

• The following year, Columbus sailed to Haiti and
  demanded food, gold, spun cotton, and sex with
  their women
• He punished by example, cutting off ears and
  noses.

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Christopher Columbus

• Bartolome de Las Casas wrote that using the above
  weapons, when subduing the Arawak they, in
  addition to the horses this was 20 hunting dogs,
  who were turned loose and immediately tore the
  Indians apart.

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Christopher Columbus

• On future trips, Columbus brought hildalgos,
  minor royalty, who wanted to improve their lives
• Not finding gold, the Spanish went on slave raids
• 500 went to Spain and 500 were kept with the
  Spaniards remaining in the Caribbean

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Christopher Columbus

• The death rate for slaves going to Spain was high
  but Columbus was optimistic when he stated,
  Although they die now, they will not always die.
  The Negroes and Canary Islanders died at first.

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Christopher Columbus

• He set up a tribute system when gold was
  exchanged for a token.
• Any Indian found without a current token (they
  were good for 3 months) would have their hands
  amputated.
• He later formed the encomienda system, duplicated
  by Cortes in Mexico

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Christopher Columbus

• Pre-Columbian Haiti was lush and capable of
  supporting up to an estimated 3 million people
• Once the Spanish used slaves to grow a single
  crop and introduced non-native animals, the land
  soon was eroded a condition seen today

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Impact on Native Americans

• The Indians died from European diseases.
• It is estimated of the original 3 million Arawak
  in 1493, only 12,000 remained after Columbuss
  policies.
• Las Casas reported that fewer than 200 Indians
  were alive in 1542 and none by 1555

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Impact on Native Americans

• Smallpox, measles, whooping cough, mumps, chicken
  pox and typhus killed Indians, who
  had no
  immunity to
  these
  diseases

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Slave Trade Begins

• To replace the dead and dying labor force,
  Spaniards captured more Indians from neighboring
  islands and Africans from Africa.
• As more Indians died, the demand for Africans
  grew.

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Slave Trade Begins

• Since they had more contact with Europeans, they
  were immune to diseases which killed Indians

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Slave Trade Begins

• It is estimated that by the time the African
  slave trade ended in the 1800s, about 12 million
  people were taken from the continent.

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Impact on Europeans

• Many Europeans found the Americas a place to
  increase their wealth

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Impact on Europeans

• Plants and animals, new to Europeans, were sent
  to Europe.
• The potato will become a staple in many diets and
  results in a population increase.
• Syphilis followed the Spaniards home to Europe

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Impact on Europeans

• Ideas were also generated
• Religious beliefs faced contradictions How
  could Noah have 2 of every animal on the ark when
  new animals were just discovered? How could
  Indians be called infidels when they did not
  reject Christianity, they just had never heard of
  it?

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Impact on Europeans

• Political ideas were challenged
• The Indians did not have a monarch, a ruler
  chosen by god through birth.
• The finding of Indians showed the difference
  between them and European cultures.
• It helped Europeans to see similarities among
  themselves, not as Tuscan or French.

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Impact on Europeans

• Spain and Portugal argued over what land
  belonged to them.
• Pope Alexander VI made the decision with the
  Treaty of Tordesillas

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Treaty of Tordesillas
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New Society is Born

• Columbus and Spain benefited from the
  discoveries
• In 1499, Columbus found gold in Haiti and made
  the Indians mine the gold for them.
• Future conquistadors make Spain even richer

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New Society is Born

• Europeans will continue to attempt to erase all
  hints of Indian and African culture
• They will not be entirely successful

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Is Columbus a Hero?

• Every year, we celebrate Columbus Day in memory
  of his discovery of America?
• How would your perception change if you were an
  Indian?