Coffee

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Coffee

• By, Savannah Schulze

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Origins of Coffee

• Coffee drinking first became popular in Yemen in
  the 15th century
• Coffee derives its name from Arabic
• Qahwah is the Arabic word for coffee and Turkish
  influence resulted in pronunciation as qahveh
• Italian origin? Caffe but is derived from
  Turkish, which derives from Arabic
• Qahwah is the name given to coffee in Arabic but
  means wine

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Yemenite Sufi Circles

• Coffee first became popular in Yemenite Sufi
  circles who began to refer to coffee as wine
  because like wine it also dulls the appetite and
  therefore was called qahwah
• Coffee became the replacement for wine and Sufis
  transferred the meaning wine to coffee and
  introduced it further into Cairo
• Coffee was spread to Turkey through the Sufis
  who used the coffee to help keep them stay awake
  during devotional exercises performed all night

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Coffees True Origin

• Coffee is not a native plant to Arabia
• It is a native plant of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and
  can be found growing wild and cultivated
• From Ethiopia it was brought to Arabia and a
  variety of legends exist to how coffee was
  discovered

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Coffee Legends

• Around 800 A.D. coffee was said to be discovered
  by an Ethiopian goatherd whose name was Kaldi
• Kaldi noticed his goats had more energy and were
  dancing from shrub to shrub eating the cherry-red
  berries that contained the coffee bean
• He tried the beans himself and soon found himself
  frolicking with his flock

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The Coffee Plant

• Is a woody perennial evergreen, that belongs the
  Rubiaceae family, there are two main species
  cultivated today
• Coffee arabica-accounts for 70-80 of the worlds
  production
• Coffee canephora- known as Robusta coffee and is
  more resilient than Arabica shrubs, but does not
  produce the same taste that is considered
  inferior to that of Arabica
• Coffee bean development-video

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Where is Coffee Grown?

• The top ten coffee producers are highlighted in
  yellow
• Brazil makes up a third of this production and is
  by far the largest producer in the coffee
  producing market
• The Bean Belt- bounded by the Tropics of Cancer
  and Capricorn, coffee is grown within the Tropics
  
• How did coffee get to all these locations?

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The Spread of Coffee

• Coffee began to leave Africa via two trade
  routes, one located at Masawa, a city in Ethiopia
  located on the Red Sea and down the Blue Nile to
  Khartoum
• Coffee is not said to have spread outside of
  Africa and Arabia until the 1600s and Arabia was
  known to make export beans infertile by boiling
  them

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Coffee in Europe

• For about a half a century Arabia supplied Europe
  with all coffee consumed and was considered a
  luxury item by British elite
• Coffee was supplied to the Europeans by the old
  Dutch East India Company that traded with the
  Arabian ports on the Red Sea

• There are many legends to how coffee spread into
  Europe
• Arrived strapped to the belly of an Indian
  smuggler who left Mecca with the seeds and
  initiated agricultural expansion of the coffee
  bean into Europe

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Expansion of Coffee into European Colonies

• In 1690, the expansion would soon reach European
  colonies and the Dutch introduced the first
  European owned coffee estates on colonial Java
• From Java it made its way to Sumatra and the
  Philippines
• Cultivation of coffee was a success in these new
  areas because unlike wine and tea, coffee can be
  raised with little difficulty and required little
  help from the Europeans
• Coffee was also grown in Dutch gardens in
  Amsterdam, these plants launched the introduction
  of coffee into the Dutch colony of Surinam

• Coffee was then introduced into Jamaica by the
  British and Martinique by the French
• Coffee then spread to the rest of Latin America
• Shift in coffee ideology

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Shift in Coffee Ideology

• During early cultivation coffee was restricted to
  remote parts of Yemen and was still considered as
  a resource for merchants who could profit and
  governments who profited through taxes
• Social and political consequences were few and
  consisted of
• Coffee in Islam?
• Concerns with coffee houses as centers for
  conspiracy and deception

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Shift

• However, this changed with the introduction of
  coffee into European colonies and control of
  production by commercial capital
• The colonists coerced the peoples of the colonies
  into producing coffee or used African slave labor

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Latin America

• Produces more than twice as much coffee as the
  rest of the world combined
• Before, this time Arabia produced all of the
  worlds coffee and today only yields about one
  hundred and sixtieth percent of this production,
  but yet produces more than it ever had

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Coffee Century

• The history of coffee in Latin America begins in
  the late 18th century when the first coffee trees
  were introduced
• This was followed by the coffee century in Latin
  America and entered into a coffee period that was
  accompanied by a dramatic increase in the world
  trade of coffee
• The consumption of coffee in the U.S. increased
  from 3lbs in 1830 to 10lbs in 1900, and 16lbs in
  1960
• With this Expansion we see
• Territorial expansion
• Movement of settlers
• Expanding world market-strive to increase
  production and profit
• The creation of class conflicts and the creation
  of the coffee elite

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The Coffee Elite

• The coffee elite formed in the midst of the 19th
  century coffee dynasties and was built at the
  expense of much of the rest of the population
• Resembles those of the colonial aristocracies
• Focused in Central America in the countries of El
  Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua

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Coffee Elite

• The coffee elite was made up of aristocratic
  families of pure decent and new European
  immigrants
• Around two or three families control the entire
  coffee industry
• How do these families remain in power?
• Lawless military regimes that make family ties
  the only safe way to gain political power
• Absence of mass parties and effective
  parliamentary institutions
• Limited development of higher education,
  professional education could only be acquired
  abroad

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Transnational Corporations

• Market is controlled by 4 coffee companies
• Kraft foods, Nestle, Proctor and Gamble, and Sara
  lee
• These companies produce the major coffee brands
  Maxwell House, Nescafe, Folgers, and Douwe
  Egberts
• Nestlé's instant coffee alone is consumed at a
  rate of 3,900 cups of coffee every second

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Instant Coffee

• Latin American countries are attempting to make
  changes to respond to the growing instant coffee
  market
• Three Latin American countries (Brazil, Columbia,
  and Ecuador) have become significant exporters of
  instant coffee
• Benefits from this change over have been limited
  because of transnational corporations
• Local Exporters face many challenges
• Inability to fund large advertising campaigns
• Compete with brand names
• Distribute to large market

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Coffee and the Ecosystem

• Traditionally a shade grown crop that is grown
  under a canopy of trees
• These shade trees provide an excellent source of
  biodiversity
• The new modern system however, emphasizes the use
  of pesticides and the increase in chemical inputs
  to retain high yields
• Sun plantations-ultimately more prone to water
  and soil runoff and long term damage of the soil

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Benefits of Shade Grown Coffee

• Deforestation is a constant issue in many areas
  of Latin America
• Destroying the habitat of many species and much
  biodiversity
• Shade grown coffee plantations provide refuge for
  forest biota that has been displaced due to
  deforestation

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Problems in Coffee Growing

• 70 of the worlds coffee in grown on farms of
  less than ten hectares and the vast majority is
  grown on family plots of between one and five
  hectares
• Coffee is grown in the wide tropical and
  sub-tropical belt around the Equator, including
  some of the countries who face severe development
  challenges

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Fair Trade-Offers Hope

• Small landholders struggle to feed their families
  from the income they make from coffee alone
• Peris Mwihaki coffee grower in Kenya-In recent
  years her coffee cherries have brought her no
  more than 2-3 of the final selling price of
  Kenyan AA coffee on supermarket shelves in the
  North
• Payments dont reach us here in the hills,
  Peris explained. The farm is just as hard work
  as it ever was, were getting nothing in return

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Fair Trade

• Commercial businesses that develop relationships
  with farmers and are interested in improving the
  lives of those farmers from which they buy from
• Commitment is to pay farmers a fair price and
  what they deserve fro producing that product
• The price must cover the costs of production and
  must also be stable
• Fair trade coffee sales are growing and in 2001
  coffee grew by 12 per cent

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The End!